Fig. 1.

A schematic representation of procedures and drug administrations in each treatment in the present study. Measurements and sample collections were repeated every 60 min with saline as baseline (BL) and after drug administration assigned to each treatment until 240 min (T1, T2 and T3). Sevoflurane doses were adjusted to 1.5 times the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) equivalent to sevoflurane alone during administration of remifentanil and/or dexmedetomidine infusions according to their MAC-sparing effects.