Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with or without headache.
| Characteristic | Non-headache | Headache | Pvalue |
| Participants, No. (%) | 8,675 (80.3) | 2,123 (19.7) | |
| Age, Mean (SD), years | 52.77 (18.96) | 45.07 (15.95) | <0.001a |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 4,759 (54.9) | 767 (36.1) | <0.001b |
| Female | 3,916 (45.1) | 1,356 (63.9) | |
| Race/ethnicity No. (%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 4,702 (54.2) | 1,028 (48.4) | <0.001b |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1,547 (17.8) | 436 (20.5) | |
| Mexican American | 1,791 (20.6) | 469 (22.1) | |
| Others | 635 (7.3) | 190 (8.9) | |
| Marital status No. (%) | |||
| Married or living with partner | 5,413 (62.4) | 1,275 (60.1) | 0.046b |
| Living alone | 3,263 (37.6) | 848 (39.9) | |
| Education level No. (%), years | |||
| <High School | 2,588 (29.8) | 727 (34.2) | <0.001b |
| High school or GED | 2,069 (23.9) | 530 (25.0) | |
| >High School | 4,018 (46.3) | 866 (40.8) | |
| Drinking No. (%) | |||
| Never | 1,201 (13.8) | 328 (15.4) | <0.001b |
| Current | 6,099 (70.3) | 1,377 (64.9) | |
| Former | 1,375 (15.9) | 418 (19.7) | |
| Smoking No. (%) | |||
| Never | 4,302 (49.6) | 1,071 (50.4) | <0.001b |
| Current | 1,824 (21.0) | 603 (28.4) | |
| Former | 2,549 (29.4) | 449 (21.1) | |
| Hypertension No. (%) | 2,692 (31.0) | 533 (25.1) | <0.001b |
| Diabetes No. (%) | 918 (10.6) | 205 (9.7) | 0.210b |
| Stroke No. (%) | 356 (4.1) | 78 (3.7) | 0.575b |
| Coronary heart disease No. (%) | 393 (4.5) | 85 (4.0) | 0.403b |
| BMI, Mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27.64 (5.69) | 28.26 (6.56) | <0.001a |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2,112.96 (1,003.88) | 2,116.15 (1,087.87) | 0.897a |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 79.94 (41.48) | 77.98 (45.63) | 0.056a |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 259.45 (130.50) | 268.38 (145.26) | 0.006a |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.26 (1.10) | 5.19 (1.07) | 0.027a |
| C reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.23 (0.14) | 0.27 (0.10) | 0.102a |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 713.49 (457.29) | 676.72 (426.52) | 0.001a |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 256.48 (142.94) | 237.84 (133.28) | <0.001a |
| Calcium supplement No. (%) | 1,780 (20.5) | 428 (20.2) | 0.713b |
| Magnesium supplement No. (%) | 208 (2.4) | 43 (2.0) | 0.308b |
| Vitamin D supplement No. (%) | 1,932 (22.3) | 375 (17.7) | <0.001b |
BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); SD, standard deviation.
Continuous and frequency variables were expressed as the mean (SD) and percentage.
a
Comparing the two groups with Student t-test.
b
Comparing the two groups with Chi-square test.