Table 4.
Interaction between mobile screen use and outdoor activity from 1 to 3 years of age on preschool myopia.
| Pattern | All | Children with non-myopic parents (n = 15,831) | Children with myopic parents (n = 10,780) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | AORa (95% CI) | AORb (95% CI) | AORb (95% CI) | ||
| Mobile screen use | Frequency of outdoor activity | ||||
| No screen use | ≥7 times/week | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| No screen use | <7 times/week | 1.04 (0.64, 1.75) | 1.10 (0.67, 1.85) | 1.35 (0.59, 3.64) | 1.02 (0.55, 1.95) |
| Yes | ≥7 times/week | 1.63 (1.03, 2.70)* | 1.87 (1.17, 3.10)* | 2.45 (0.99, 6.75) | 1.66 (0.96, 3.03) |
| Yes | <7 times/week | 2.97 (1.97, 4.72)*** | 3.42 (2.26, 5.45)*** | 4.44 (2.11, 11.41)*** | 3.03 (1.86, 5.29)*** |
| Interaction | Screen use (yes) * frequency (<7 times/week) | 1.75 (0.98, 3.04) | 1.66 (0.93, 2.90) | 1.34 (0.45, 3.53) | 1.79 (0.87, 3.57) |
| Mobile screen use | Duration of outdoor activity | ||||
| No screen use | ≥60 min/time | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| No screen use | <60 min/time | 1.23 (0.77, 2.01) | 1.18 (0.74, 1.94) | 1.63 (0.76, 3.88) | 0.99 (0.54, 1.85) |
| Yes | ≥60 min/time | 2.41 (1.61, 3.76)*** | 2.68 (1.78, 4.18)*** | 3.63 (1.80, 8.35)** | 2.24 (1.37, 3.85)** |
| Yes | <60 min/time | 3.19 (2.17, 4.89)*** | 3.40 (2.31, 5.24)*** | 4.92 (2.53, 11.08)*** | 2.76 (1.73, 4.68)*** |
| Interaction | Screen use (yes) * duration (<6 min/time) | 1.04 (0.72, 1.49) | 1.03 (0.71, 1.48) | 0.84 (0.33, 1.95) | 1.25 (0.64, 2.43) |
| Mobile screen use | Overall outdoor factors | ||||
| No screen use | ≥7 times/week + ≥60 min/time | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| No screen use | ≥7 times/week + <60 min/time | 0.81 (0.33, 1.89) | 0.74 (0.30, 1.73) | 2.33 (0.45, 16.89) | 0.46 (0.14, 1.28) |
| No screen use | <7 times/week + ≥60 min/time | 0.70 (0.32, 1.53) | 0.72 (0.33, 1.58) | 1.72 (0.39, 11.75) | 0.53 (0.19, 1.37) |
| No screen use | <7 times/week + <60 min/time | 1.07 (0.59, 2.09) | 1.08 (0.59, 2.12) | 2.38 (0.69, 14.98) | 0.87 (0.42, 1.90) |
| Yes | ≥7 times/week + ≥60 min/time | 1.45 (0.78, 2.85) | 1.62 (0.88, 3.20) | 4.05 (1.08, 26.26) | 1.19 (0.59, 2.55) |
| Yes | ≥7 times/week + <60 min/time | 1.54 (0.83, 3.02) | 1.64 (0.88, 3.23) | 3.86 (0.99, 25.43) | 1.24 (0.62, 2.64) |
| Yes | <7 times/week + ≥60 min/time | 2.29 (1.33, 4.28)** | 2.57 (1.49, 4.84)** | 5.85 (1.77, 36.21)* | 1.96 (1.07, 3.96)* |
| Yes | <7 times/week + <60 min/time | 2.96 (1.76, 5.47)*** | 3.22 (1.91, 5.98)*** | 7.92 (2.48, 48.31)** | 2.37 (1.33, 4.70)** |
| Interaction | Screen use (yes) * outdoor activity (<6 min/time + ≥7 times/week) | 1.31 (0.50, 3.56) | 1.36 (0.52, 3.71) | 0.42 (0.05, 2.68) | 2.23 (0.69, 8.01) |
| Screen use (yes) * outdoor activity (≥6 min/time + <7times/week) | 2.25 (0.95, 5.38) | 2.19 (0.92, 5.26) | 0.85 (0.11, 4.39) | 3.04 (1.06, 9.21)* | |
| Screen use (yes) * outdoor activity (<6 min/time + <7times/week) | 1.91 (0.90, 3.86) | 1.83 (0.86, 3.73) | 0.83 (0.12, 3.45) | 2.27 (0.94, 5.36) | |
OR, odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval,
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001.
a
Adjusted for children's age, gender, maternal age at childbirth, monthly household income, and parental history of myopia.
b
Adjusted for children's age, gender, maternal age at childbirth, and monthly household income.