TABLE 7.
Characteristics of the two cohorts.
| Study 1 (N = 107) | Study 2 (N = 124) | Significant effects |
||
| Study 1 | Study 2 | |||
| Hypothesis | Spatial–temporal analysis provides a bridge between observation of continuous processes and their causal analysis | |||
| Sample characteristics | Middle and high SES | Low and middle SES | ||
| Implementation of causal phenomena | A three-stage implementation (prediction, description, explanation) | A five-stage implementation (observation, prediction, justification, testing, explanation) | ||
| Spatial–temporal tasks | Flow of liquid | Flow of liquid | ✓ | ✓ |
| Distance, time, velocity (DTV) | – | X | ||
| Probability and covariation tasks | Randomness | – | X | – |
| Marbles | Marbles | X | X | |
| Cards | – | X | – | |
| Covariation (computer-based) | Covariation (with cards) | X | X | |
| Verbal task | WASI vocabulary | WASI vocabulary | X | ✓ |
| Non-verbal task | WASI block design | WASI block design | ✓ | ✓ |