Supplementary Appendix 1.

MEDLINE search strategy

No.	Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) or keywords
1	osteoporosis/
2	osteoporo$.tw.
3	osteopenia.tw.
4	bone loss$.tw.
5	bone mineral densit$.tw.
6	decalcifi$.tw.
7	deminerali?ed bone.tw.
8	or/1–7
9	exp exercise/
10	exp exercise therapy/
11	physical fitness/
12	physical activit$.tw.
13	vibration/tu
14	vibration therap$.mp.
15	Physical Therapy Modalities/
16	Physical Exertion/
17	exp Physical Endurance/
18	exp Sports/
19	Pliability/
20	exertion$.tw.
21	exercis$.tw.
22	sport$.tw.
23	((physical or motion) adj5 (fitness or therapy or therapies)).tw.
24	(physical$ adj2 endur$).tw.
25	weight train$.tw.
26	or/9–25
27	8 and 26
28	27 and (male or males or men).tw.
29	27 and Male/
30	28 or 29
31	26 and 30
32	randomized controlled trial.pt.
33	controlled clinical trial.pt.
34	randomized.ab.
35	placebo.ab.
36	clinical trials as topic.sh.
37	randomly.ab.
38	trial.ti.
39	or/32–38
40	exp animals/ not humans.sh.
41	39 not 40
42	31 and 41