Table 1.
Summarized study-level patient sociodemographic characteristics.
| Author | Country | Sample size | Age (y) | % Male | # HIV | % HIV | % on ART | CD4 T-cell/μL (median) | HIV Viral load | Study quality score | Comorbidities in HIV population | COVID-19 diagnosis | ART effects on susceptibility/deaths |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Härter et al.16 | Germany | 33 | 48 | 90 | 33 | 100 | 100 | 670 (69–1715) |
HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL (30/32) 2/32 had detectable viremia, all needed ventilation, and 1 died |
7 | HTN(10/33), COPD (6/33), diabetes (4/33), CVD (3/33), CKF (2/33) | SARS-CoV-2 RNA RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal, swabs in 29, bronchoalveolar lavage or sputum in 2 cases; in two cases, information not available in 2 cases |
NRTIs (31/33) INSTI (20/33) PI (4/33) Non-NRTI (9/33) NRTIs TAF (16/31) TDF (6/31) FTC (22/31) 3TC (9/31) Died (3) BIC/TAF/FTC (33%) DOR/TDF/FTC(33%) DRV/RTV/RGV(33%) |
| Blanco et al. 17 | Spain | 5 | 38 | 60 | 5 | 100 | 100 | 564 |
HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL (4/5) |
7 |
Asthma (1/5) Hypothyroidism (1/5) |
SARS-CoV-2 RNA RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs in all patients |
TAF/FTC (2/5) ABC/3TC (2/5) No ART (1/5) No death recorded |
| Gervason et al.18 | Italy | 47 | 51 | 77 | 47 | 100 | 100 | 636 |
HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL (44/47) |
7 | HTN(14/47), COPD (2/47), diabetes (3/47), CVD (2/47), CKF (4/47), cancer (3/47), epilepsy (2/47), Hep B or C (5/47) |
SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (26) IgG/IgM rapid test (2) Clinical symptoms (19) |
Pre-hospitalization ART not provided |
| Richardson et al.19 | United States | 5,700 | 63 | 60 | 43 | 0.75 | – | – | – | 8 | – | SARS-CoV-2 RNA RT-PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs | – |
| Chen et al.20 | China | 203 | 54 | 53 | 2 | 0.99 | – | – | 8 | – | Sputum and throat swab SARS-CoV-2 RNA RT-PCR | – | |
| Karmen-Tuohy et al.21 | United States | 63 |
60 HIV+ 61 HIV − |
91 HIV+ 91 HIV− |
21 | 33 | 100 | 298 |
HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL (1/21) |
8 | HTN(7/21), COPD (4/21), diabetes (4/21), CVD (1/21), CKF (4/21), cancer (3/21), hyperlipidemia(4/21) | SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR | Pre-hospitalization ART not provided |
| Bhatraju et al.22 | United States | 24 | 64 | 63 | 1 | 4 | – | – | – | 8 | – | SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR | Pre-hospitalization ART not provided |
| Cummings et al.23 | United States | 257 | 62 | 67 | 8 | 3 | – | – | – | 8 | – | SARS-CoV-2 PCR | Pre-hospitalization ART not provided |
| Prieto-Alhambra et al.24 | Spain | 121,263 | – | 42 | 311 | 0.26 | – | – | – | 8 | – | SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and/or a clinical diagnosis | Pre-hospitalization ART not provided |
| Argenziano et al.25 | United States | 1000 | 63 | 60 | 21 | 2 | – | – | – | 8 | – | SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR | Pre-hospitalization ART not provided |
| Marcello et al.26 | United States | 13,442 | 53 | 56 | 159 | 1 | – | – | – | 8 | – | Real-time RT-PCR assays of nasopharyngeal swabs | Pre-hospitalization ART not provided |
| Crotty et al.27 | United States | 289 | 59 | – | 7 | 2 | – | – | – | 8 | – | RT-PCR a nasopharyngeal | Pre-hospitalization ART not provided |
| Suwanwongse and Shabarek et al.28 | United States | 9 | 58 | 78 | 9 | 100 | 89 | 617 |
HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL (8/9) |
7 | HTN(6/9), COPD (4/9), Diabetes (3/9),HCV(3/9) | RT-PCR a nasopharyngeal | Only 2 of the 9 patients survived. One was on FTC, TAF, DTG, RTV, DRV and the other on EVG, FTC, TAF, cobicistat. Of the 7 that died, 2 were on TDF containing regimen and 4 on TAF containing regimen |
| Vizcarra et al.29 | Spain | 51 | 53.3 | 84 | 51 | 100 | 100 | 565 (296–782) | Last HIV-RNA < 50 copies per mL, N = 50 /51(98%) | 7 | HTN (18/51), diabetes (7/51), CKF (6/51), CLD(24/51) | SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and/or a clinical diagnosis | The 51 HIV individuals with COVID-19 37 (73%) were on Tenofovir (TAF or TDF) compared to 487 (38%) HIV-infected individuals not with COVID-19. Protease inhibitors, NNRTI frequencies were similar between the two groups |
| Bhaskaran et al.30 | United Kingdom | 17.3 million |
48 HIV+ 49 HIV− |
65 HIV+ 50 HIV− |
27,480 | 0.2 | – | – | – | 9 | HTN(19%), CLD (3.4%), CVD (5.3%), stroke (2.0%), chronic respiratory disease (4.0%) | – | Data on antiretroviral therapy use not reported |
| Boulle et al.31 | South Africa | 3.4 million | > 20 years | 37 | 536,574 | 16 | – | – | 8 | – | SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test | Twofold association of COVID-19 death with HIV irrespective of viremia or immunosuppression before the COVID-19 episode. TDF was associated with lower COVID-19 mortality compared to other antiretrovirals | |
| Charre et al.32 | France | 19,113 | 47 | 41 | 77 | 0.4 | 99 | 529 | HIV-RNA < 50 copies per mL, N = 69 (89.6%) | 7 | – | SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test |
All HIV-infected patients TDF/TAF, N = 52 (67.5%); NNRTI, N = 23 (29.9%); INSTI, N = 48 (62.3%); boosted PI, N = 9 (11.7%) HIV-SARS-CoV-2 coinfected patients: 10/12 (83%) |
| D'Souza et al.33 | United States | 3411 | 57 | 46 | 2078 | 61 | 92 | 682 | HIV-RNA < 50 copies per mL, N = 69 (74%) | 8 | – | All diagnosis are assumed to be PCR-based | Data on antiretroviral therapy use not reported |
| Geretti et al.34 | United Kingdom | 47,592 |
56 HIV+ 74 HIV− |
66 HIV+ 57 HIV− |
122 | 0.26 | 92 | – | – | 8 | Cardiac disease (20/117), COPD (13/120), diabetes (28/117), CKF (21/116), cancer (4/118), obesity (19/112) malnutrition (5/112) | SARS-CoV-2 RNA PCR | Data on antiretroviral therapy use not reported |
| Huang et al.7 | China | 6001 | 37 | 90 | 6001 | 100 | 92 | – | HIV-RNA < 20 copies per mL, 3334/5004 (66.63) | 8 | – | Confirmed cases (by RT-PCR) and clinically diagnosed cases |
All PLWHA NRTI = 92% NNRTI = 81% PI = 8% PLWHA and COVID-19 NRTI = 91% NNRTI = 81% PI = 3% No statistical difference |
| Tesorieret et al.6 | United States | 2988 | – | – | 2988 | 100 | – | – | 8 | – |
PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection |
Data on antiretroviral therapy use not reported | |
| del Amo et al.35 | Spain | 236 (HIV with COVID-19) | – | 236 | 236 | 100 | 100 | – | – | 8 | – | SARS-CoV-2 PCR test in all 236 patients with COVID-19 |
All PLWHA: TAF/FTC (33%),ABC/3TC (26%) and TDF/FTC (16%) PLWHA with COVID-19: TAF/FTC (42%),ABC/3TC (24%) and TDF/FTC (9%) |
ART: antiretroviral therapy; NRTIs: nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; TDF: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; TAF: tenofovir alafenamide; FTC: emtricitabine; DOR: doravirine; DRV: darunavir; DTG: dolutegravir; 3TC: lamivudine; PI: protease-inhibitor; HTN: hypertension; CKD: chronic kidney disease. PCR: polymerase chain reaction; Hep: Hepatitis; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; RT-PCR Reverse transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction; CLD: Chronic Liver Disease; NSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor;
PLWHA; persons living with HIV/AIDS.