Table 2.
Comparison of metabolites with fold changes > 0.5 according to disease severity.
| Combination | Metabolite | FC | log2(FC) | p-.adjusted | Kruskal–Wallis CvsMvsS p.-adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M/C | Glutamic acid | 2.8108 | 1.491 | 5.89 × 10–9 |
M–C; S–C 2.21E−10–4.96E−09 |
| Phenylalanine | 1.616 | 0.69239 | 1.73 × 10–8 |
M–C; S–C 1.38E−10–4.96E−09 |
|
| α-Hydroxybutyric acid | 1.5999 | 0.67798 | 9.26 × 10–4 |
M–C; S–C; S–M 5.73E−09–8.59E−08 |
|
| α-Ketoglutarate | 1.5639 | 0.64511 | 3.04 × 10–5 |
M–C; S–C; M–S 0.00021638–0.00060858 |
|
| 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid | 1.5081 | 0.59277 | 0.02247 |
M–C; S–C 0.00094552–0.0018499 |
|
| Threonine | 0.62777 | − 0.6717 | 6.68 × 10–8 |
C–M; C–S 5.73E−09–8.59E−08 |
|
| S/C | Glutamic acid | 2.3519 | 1.2338 | 1.45 × 10–9 |
M–C; S–C 2.21E−10–4.96E−09 |
| α-Hydroxybutyric acid | 2.3094 | 1.2075 | 4.04 × 10–8 |
M–C; S–C; S–M 5.73E−09–8.59E−08 |
|
| α-Hydroxyisovaleric acid | 1.9297 | 0.94837 | 7.55 × 10–6 |
S–C; S–M 3.04E−06–1.71E−05 |
|
| 3-Hydroxybutiric acid | 1.8519 | 0.88901 | 0.012145 |
S–C; S–M 0.008355–0.012532 |
|
| 2,3-Dihydroxybutanoic acid | 1.7324 | 0.79276 | 5.73 × 10–5 |
M–C; S–C 5.43E−05–0.00024421 |
|
| 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid | 1.6932 | 0.75971 | 5.46 × 10–4 |
M–C; S–C 0.00094552–0.0018499 |
|
| Citric acid | 0.62276 | − 0.68326 | 3.21 × 10–6 |
C–S; M–S 9.24E−07–7.07E−06 |
|
| 4-Hydroxyproline | 0.57272 | − 0.80409 | 2.77 × 10–4 |
C–M; C–S 1.09E−05–5.47E−05 |
|
| M/S | α-Hydroxyisovaleric acid | 1.7032 | 0.76821 | 0.014705 |
S–C; S–M 3.04E−06–1.71E−05 |
| Anhydroglucitol | 0.62921 | − 0.66838 | 0.0011881 |
M–C; M–S 0.0004461–0.00095594 |
Fold-change was calculated using Metaboanalyst 5.0. p values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney test for MvsS and Kruskal Wallis test for multiple comparisons (CvsMvsS). Comparisons are included as follows: mild COVID-19 versus controls (MvsC); severe COVID-19 versus controls (SvsC) and severe versus mild COVID-19 (SvsM).