Table 5.
Full information maximum likelihood results of the endogenous switching regression.
| Variable | Adoption of climate-smart cowpea |
Cowpea yield (kg/ha) |
Cowpea income (GHS) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selection | Non-trained | Trained | Selection | Non-trained | Trained | Selection | Non-trained | Trained | |
| Sex | −0.152 (0.191) |
0.047 (0.072) |
0.062 (0.082) |
−0.293 (0.207) |
201.581*** (74.667) |
160.589* (103.334) |
−0.232 (0.210) |
0.877*** (0.152) |
0.544*** (0.166) |
| Age | 0.036*** (0.011) |
−0.012*** (0.004) |
−0.013** (0.006) |
0.031*** (0.011) |
−6.105 (4.959) |
2.497 (5.699) |
0.033*** (0.011) |
−0.027** (0.011) |
0.004 (0.010) |
| Education (years) | 0.020 (0.018) |
0.005 (0.007) |
0.009 (0.007) |
0.026 (0.019) |
10.889 (7.464) |
6.096 (9.182) |
0.027 (0.020) |
−0.021 (0.016) |
0.012 (0.015) |
| Household size | 0.043** (0.019) |
−0.001 (0.008) |
0.009 (0.009) |
0.055*** (0.020) |
−5.546 (8.755) |
11.858 (10.390) |
0.049** (0.020) |
0.024 (0.018) |
0.004 (0.017) |
| Farming experience | −0.028*** (0.011) |
0.012*** (0.004) |
0.007 (0.005) |
−0.017 (0.011) |
4.322 (4.706) |
−9.460* (5.080) |
−0.019 (0.011) |
0.018* (0.010) |
0.012 (0.009) |
| Cooperative | 0.040 (0.258) |
−0.024 (0.097) |
−0.055 (0.140) |
−0.120 (0.281) |
39.585 (96.637) |
72.701 (171.545) |
−0.039 (0.286) |
−0.179 (0.200) |
0.089 (0.274) |
| FBO | 0.526*** (0.161) |
−0.031 (0.064) |
−0.091 (0.092) |
0.536*** (0.177) |
−69.585 (74.965) |
−53.603 (101.777) |
0.503*** (0.178) |
−0.122 (0.156) |
0.069 (0.170) |
| VLSA | 0.521*** (0.182) |
−0.011 (0.073) |
0.063 (0.097) |
0.580*** (0.196) |
32.225 (84.367) |
−197.466* (115.378) |
0.531*** (0.202) |
0.162 (0.175) |
−0.025 (0.180) |
| Area | 0.229* (0.123) |
−0.059 (0.052) |
0.057 (0.056) |
0.363*** (0.132) |
0.021 (0.134) |
0.193* (0.115) |
|||
| Tolon district | 0.253 (0.344) |
−0.683*** (0.135) |
−0.186 (0.169) |
0.229 (0.357) |
809.513*** (124.650) |
463.185** (200.674) |
0.661* (0.385) |
−0.597* (0.310) |
−0.815** (0.358) |
| Savelugu district | 1.864*** (0.370) |
−0.192 (0.127) |
−0.153 (0.226) |
1.924*** (0.343) |
529.459*** (181.840) |
736.831*** (229.182) |
1.837*** (0.351) |
0.404 (0.411) |
0.472 (0.401) |
| Yendi district | 0.279 (0.350) |
−0.517*** (0.117) |
−0.451*** (0.150) |
0.376 (0.331) |
35.353 (114.007) |
87.541 (188.611) |
0.443 (0.331) |
−0.255 (0.247) |
−0.458 (0.308) |
| Bawku Municipal | 0.795** (0.396) |
−0.910*** (0.140) |
−0.695*** (0.180) |
0.572 (0.374) |
1022.657*** (135.844) |
882.765*** (205.780) |
0.758* (0.391) |
−0.414 (0.304) |
0.250 (0.341) |
| Binduri district | 0.329 (0.352) |
−0.594*** (0.117) |
−0.557*** (0.150) |
0.333 (0.325) |
977.737*** (107.666) |
968.355*** (185.651) |
0.548 (0.335) |
−0.560** (0.247) |
−0.195 (0.309) |
| Wa West district | −0.120 (0.340) |
0.081 (0.120) |
−0.064 (0.172) |
−0.188 (0.350) |
53.198 (121.812) |
400.819* (217.357) |
−0.232 (0.211) |
0.067 (0.251) |
0.498 (0.345) |
| Access to Member of Parliament | 0.546** (0.216) |
0.697*** (0.226) |
0.556** (0.231) |
||||||
| Distance extension | −0.002 (0.011) |
−0.007 (0.012) |
0.000 (0.012) |
||||||
| Constant | −3.386*** (0.581) |
1.127*** (0.216) |
1.299** (0.568) |
−3.210*** (0.565) |
381.213* (221.573) |
208.293 (488.655) |
−3.787*** (0.608) |
7.248*** (0.545) |
5.959*** (1.027) |
| rho_1 | −0.189 (0.539) |
0.293 (0.323) |
−0.171 (0.454) |
||||||
| rho_2 | −0.960*** (0.023) |
−0.104 (0.390) |
−0.006 (0.465) |
||||||
| Model diagnostics | |||||||||
| Wald chi2 | 73.91*** | 92.30*** | 103.21*** | ||||||
| Log likelihood | −262.28 | −2546.54 | −533.96 | ||||||
| LR test | 21.42*** | 0.77 | 0.14 | ||||||
| Observations | 319 | 320 | 320 | ||||||
Notes: Adoption of climate-smart cowpea is a dummy variable (1 = adopters). Sigma is an auxiliary parameter (i.e. the square-root of the variance of the residuals of the endogenous switching regression model). Sigma (participants) associated with yield and income for participants are 0.0637 (0.055) and 410.991 (37.231) and sigma (non-participants) associated with yield and income for non-participants are 0.866 (0.042) and 423.438 (21.774), respectively. Figures in parentheses are standard errors. Exchange rate: US$1 = GHS5.37 (Bank of Ghana, 2019). ***p < 0.01 **p < 0.05 and * p < 0.001.