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. 2021 Mar 18;11:6381. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85908-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pterostilbene induces S phase cell cycle arrest in glioma cell lines. (A) T98G, LN18, U87 and LN229 glioma cells were treated with PTE (0, 20, 40 and 80 µM) for 48 h followed by propidium iodide staining and cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) Histograms showed the percentage of T98G, LN18, U87 and LN229 glioma cells in G₀-G₁, S, and G₂ phases. (C)T98G and LN18 cells were treated with PTE (0, 20, 40, 80 µM) for 48 h before staining with 10 mg/L Hoechst 33342. The representative images under a fluorescence microscope (20 ×) showed the Morphological changes. (D) Percentages of apoptotic cells in PTE-treated T98G and LN18 cells were analyzed. (E) The levels of cell cycle-associated protein expressions (phospho-Histone H2A.X, cdc25A, CDK2, Chk2 and Cyclin A2) were analyzed by western blotting following exposure with PTE for 48 h in T98G and LN18 cells. β-actin was used as a loading control. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD); n = 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, compared with the vehicle control group.