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. 2021 Mar 18;11:6231. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85670-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of the β diversity and occupancy of the top two bacteria species in the AED and non-AED groups. (a) Comparison of β diversity of the intestinal microbiome between infants at each age with (AED) and without (non-AED) antibiotic exposure at delivery. (b) Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides occupancies in infants in the AED and non-AED groups, shown as box-whisker plots at each age. The AED group was also divided into ampicillin-treated (ABPC) and cefazolin-treated (CEZ) groups. Comparison of occupancy among these groups and the non-AED group was performed using Bonferroni multiple comparison test. Comparison between the AED and non-AED groups was performed using Mann–Whitney U-test. The ABPC, CEZ, and non-AED groups included 43, 31, and 56 infants at 1 month (130 in total); 42, 27, and 58 infants at 3 months (127 in total); and 40, 28, and 58 infants at 6 months (126 in total). The significance level was set at 5%. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 This figure was generated using SAS version 9.4 (https://www.sas.com).