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. 2021 Mar 18;11:6231. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85670-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-course changes in bifidobacterial (a) and Bacteroides (b) occupancies (from 1 to 6 months after birth) based on AED or non-AED, delivery method, and the presence or absence of siblings, using a linear mixed-effect model. The analysis set at 1 month included 130 infants. Dropouts at 3 and 6 months were handled as missing values. The standard deviation by age in months is shown in bar form in each figure. Significant differences in occupancies between the two groups at each time point are also indicated in each comparison. The significance level was set at 5%. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 using the Mann–Whitney U-test. This figure was generated using SAS version 9.4 (https://www.sas.com).