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Calcium homeostasis. Membrane transporter (antiporter and ATP-dependent transporter) maintain a much higher extracellular calcium (small circles) concentration than the cytosol. The endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are important sources of intracellular extracytosolic calcium. These internal sources of calcium can be released into the cytosol when provoked by specific agents, such as the second messenger (IP3) actions on the endoplasmic reticulum (adapted from [32])
