Table I.
circRNAs act as oncogenes in bladder, prostate and renal cancer: Summary of circRNAs, including their ID number, host genes, mechanisms, functions and clinical applications.
| A, Bladder cancer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| circRNAs | Host gene | Biological function | Target | Clinical applicant | (Refs.) |
| circ_403658 | ZNF292 | Promote tumor growth, increase lactate production, LDH activity, ATP production and glucose uptake of cell | LDHA, VEGFR and VEGF | Target | (10) |
| circPRMT5 (circ_101320) | PRMT5 | Enhance tumor metastasis, increase expression of Vimentin, SNAIL1 | miR-30c | DFS, target | (65) |
| cTFRC (circ_0001445) | TFRC | Promote cell proliferation and invasion | E-cadherin, miR-107 | OS, target | (66) |
| circRIP2 (circ_0005777) | RIP2 | Promote tumor growth, metastasis and increase expression of TGF-β2, N-cadherin, Vimentin, smad3 and p-smad3 | miR-1305, TGF-β2 and smad3 | (13) | |
| circRGNEF (circ_0072995) | RGNEF | Enhance tumor and metastasis | miR-548 and KIF2C | (19) | |
| circVANGL1 | VANGL1 | Promote tumor growth | miR-1184 and IGFBP2 | (20) | |
| circFNTA (circ_0084171) | FNTA | Promote tumor metastasis and decrease cisplatin chemosensitivity, increases the expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-MEK1/2 | miR-370-3p and KRAS | (70) | |
| circ_0023642 | UVARG | Promote tumor growth and metastasis, increase the expression of EGFR | miR-490-5p and ERα | (17) | |
| circ_103809 | ZFR | Increase BCSC oncosphere formation, migration and invasion | miR-511 | (22) | |
| circELP3 | ELP3 | Promote tumor growth and cisplatin resistance | hypoxia | (71) | |
| circ_0068871 | FGFR3 | Enhance tumor growth and the expression of p-STAT3 FGFR3 | miR-181a-5p and | (16) | |
| circZNF139 (circ_0001727) | ZNF139 | Increase cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Promote the expression level of p-AKT and PI3K | p-AKT and PI3K | (23) | |
| circKIF4A (circ_0007255) | KIF4A | Promote tumor growth and metastasis, enhance expression of p-AKT and PI3K | miR-375/1231 and NOTCH2 | (14) | |
| circ_0008532 | MTGR1 | Promote tumor growth and metastasis, reduce the expression of Notch1, NICD-1 and HES1 | miR-155-5p/330-5p | (15) | |
| circ_0003221 (circPTK2) | PTK2 | Promote cell proliferation and migration | Biomarker | (61) | |
| B, Prostate cancer | |||||
| circRNAs | Host gene | Biological function | Target | Clinical applicant | (Refs.) |
| circHIPK3 (circ_0000284) | HIPK3 | Increase cell proliferation and invasion, and inhibit apoptosis | miRNA-338-3p and ADAM17 | (5,42) | |
| circ0005276 | XIAP | Increase tumor growth and increase expression of N-cadherin | XIAP and FUS | (41) | |
| circ102004 | USP22 | Increase cell proliferation, invasion and migration, improve expression of p-ERK, p-AKT, p-JNK, JNK, β-catenin, BCL2 and MMP2 | (43) | ||
| circABCC4 (circ_0030586)) | ABCC4 | Increase cell proliferation, invasion and migration | miR-1182 and FOXP4 | (39) | |
| circFOXO3 (circ_0006404) | FOXO3 | Increase cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis | miR-29a-3p and SLC25A15 | (63) | |
| circHIPK3 (circ_0000284) | HIPK3 | Increase cell proliferation and invasion, and inhibit apoptosis | miRNA-338-3p and | (5,42) | |
| circFMN2 (circ_0005100) | FMN2 | Increase tumor growth and reduce the expression of E-cadherin | miR-1238 and LHX2 | (64) | |
| circZNF609 | ZNF609 | Increase cell proliferation, invasion and migration, improve ratio of p/t-AMPK and the level of YAP1 | miR-186-5p | (38) | |
| circ_0044516 | COL1A1 | Increase cell proliferation, invasion and migration | miR-29a-3p | Diagnosis | (62) |
| C, Renal cancer | |||||
| circRNAs | Host gene | Biological function | Target | Clinical applicant | (Refs.) |
| circPCNXL2 (circ_406752) | PCNXL2 | Enhance tumor growth | miR-153 and ZEB2 | Target and diagnosis | (49) |
| circPRRC2A (circ_406752) | PRRC2A | Enhance tumor growth, increase expression of N-cadherin, Snail and vimentin, VEGFC | miR-514a-5p/6776-5p and TRPM3 | OS | (50) |
| circMYLK (circ_0141940) | MYLK | Enhance tumor growth and metastasis, increase expression of VEGFC | miR-513a-5p and VEGFC | (51) | |
| circTLK1 (circ_0004442) | TLK1 | Improve tumor growth and metastasis, increase expression of N-cadherin, vimentin and VEGFA | miR-136-5p and CBX4 | (52) | |
| circ_001895 | CTBP1 | Increase tumor growth, improve expression of N-cadherin | miR-296-5p and SOX12 | OS | (53) |
| circ-EGLN3 (circ_0031594) | EGLN3 | Increase cell proliferation, invasion and inhibit apoptosis | miR-1299 and IRF7 | OS, biomarker/target | (55,60) |
| circ_0039569 | CCL2 | Promote cell proliferation, migration and invasion | miR-34a-5p and CCL22 | Biomarker | (72) |
| circ_0085576 | ASAP1 | Enhance tumor growth and metastasis | miR-498 and YAP1 | OS, DFS | (67) |
circRNA, circular RNA; BCSC, bladder cancer stem cell; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; miR, microRNA.