Table 4. Multivariable Models for 10-Year Cumulative Incidence of Olfactory Impairment in the Beaver Dam Offspring Study.
| Variable | HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Model 1, with cadmium (n = 2082) | Model 2, with tobacco smoke exposure (n = 2261) | |
| Age, per 5 y | 1.62 (1.43-1.83) | 1.69 (1.49-1.91) |
| Cadmium, Q5 vs Q1-4 | 1.70 (1.05-2.74) | NA |
| Tobacco smoke exposure | ||
| None | NA | 1 [Reference] |
| Low | NA | 1.24 (0.67-2.31) |
| Moderate | NA | 1.43 (0.67-3.02) |
| High | NA | 2.65 (1.24-5.63) |
| Current smoker | NA | 2.94 (1.63-5.29) |
| Cardiovascular diseasea | ||
| Women | 2.14 (1.03-4.47) | 2.28 (1.10-4.75) |
| Men | 0.62 (0.23-1.65) | 0.78 (0.32-1.90) |
| Antihypertensive medication | ||
| Women | 2.14 (1.11-4.10) | 2.23 (1.17-4.22) |
| Men | 0.80 (0.40-1.60) | 0.84 (0.43-1.64) |
| Head injurya | 1.81 (1.002-3.25) | 1.82 (1.02-3.26) |
| Obesity | 0.65 (0.41-1.02) | 0.62 (0.39-0.97) |
| Deviated septum | 1.66 (0.90-3.07) | 1.74 (0.95-3.19) |
Abbreviations: CVD: cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable; Q, quintile.
a
Time-lagged variable.