Table 1.
Baseline Participant Characteristics
| Characteristic | Controls, n = 1264 | Cases, n = 316 | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean±SD | 80.1 (7.0) | 80.1 (7.1) | .96 |
| Age, n (%) | .84 | ||
| 65–74 | 315 (24.9) | 81 (25.6) | |
| 75–84 | 619 (49.0) | 149 (47.2) | |
| ≥85 | 330 (26.1) | 86 (27.2) | |
| Male, n (%) | 1224 (96.8) | 306 (96.8) | >.99 |
| Race, n (%) | .03 | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1022 (80.9) | 274 (86.7) | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 124 (9.8) | 20 (6.3) | |
| Hispanic | 36 (2.8) | 11 (3.5) | |
| Missing, other | 82 (6.5) | 11 (3.5) | |
| Cognitive function (Cognitive Performance Scale score), n (%) | .10 | ||
| Intact (0 or 1) | 637 (50.4) | 170 (53.8) | |
| Mild to moderate impairment (2, 3, or 4) | 473 (37.4) | 121 (38.3) | |
| Severe impairment (5 or 6) | 154 (12.2) | 25 (7.9) | |
| Walking aid use, n (%) | 1130 (89.4) | 287 (90.8) | .46 |
| Vision impairment, n (%) | 446 (35.3) | 90 (28.5) | .02 |
| Wandering in last 7 days, n (%) | 123 (9.7) | 28 (8.9) | .64 |
| Parkinson’s disease, n (%) | 86 (6.8) | 17 (5.4) | .36 |
| Urinary incontinence, n (%) | 440 (34.8) | 92 (29.1) | .06 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (excluding dementia), mean±SD | 2.8 (2.5) | 3.2 (2.7) | .07 |
| Use of other medications that may increase risk of falls, fractures, syncope, n (%)a | 401 (31.7) | 106 (33.5) | .54 |
| Number of other medications that may increase the risk of falls, fractures, syncope, n (%) 1 | .49 | ||
| 0 | 863 (68.3) | 210 (66.5) | |
| 1 | 355 (28.1) | 90 (28.5) | |
| ≥2 | 46 (3.6) | 16 (5.1) | |
| Numbers of medications at admission excluding those above, n (%) 2 | .45 | ||
| 0 | 72 (5.7) | 14 (4.4) | |
| 1–3 | 355 (28.1) | 82 (25.9) | |
| 4–8 | 526 (41.6) | 130 (41.1) | |
| ≥9 | 311 (24.6) | 90 (28.5) | |
| Indication for CNS medications, n (%) | 791 (62.6) | 205 (64.9) | .45 |
| Anxiety, n (%) | 144 (11.4) | 34 (10.8) | .75 |
| Depression, n (%) | 105 (8.3) | 17 (5.4) | .08 |
| Seizure disorder, n (%) | 60 (4.7) | 15 (4.7) | 1.00 |
| Moderate to severe bodily pain, n (%) | 544 (43.0) | 161 (50.9) | .01 |
| Dementia medication, n (%) | 172 (13.6) | 35 (11.1) | .23 |
1
Non–tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, peripheral alpha-blockers, skeletal muscle relaxants, oral glucocorticoids.
2
Excluding antidepressants, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, benzodiazepine receptor agonists, opioid receptor agonists, peripheral alpha-blockers, skeletal muscle relaxants, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, topical agents for the skin, multivitamins, laxatives, antidiarrheals.
SD=standard deviation.