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. 2021 Mar 19;19:77. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00824-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — a Temperature changes and b photothermal images of PGNSs, DM1-mPEG-PGNSs and DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs after NIR irradiation for 10 min; c Temperature change of PGNS in aqueous solution with a 808 nm laser (3 W cm⁻²), the irradiation lasted for 500 s then was shut off; d Plot of the cooling time versus –ln(θ) obtained from the cooling stage in c; e temperature increments of PGNSs, DM1-mPEG-PGNSs and DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs after nine repeated irradiations (black arrows indicate temperature before illumination and red arrow indicates temperature after illumination); f in vitro release of DM1 of free DM1, DM1-mPEG-PGNSs and DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs in phosphate-buffered saline 7.4 at 37 °C; g SK-BR-3 cell viability when exposed to PGNSs, DM1-mPEG-PGNSs, DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs and DM1-mPEG/HER-PGNSs + NIR after 24 h; h Different apoptosis cell counts after treating with different DM1 formulations; and i Western blot analysis of HSP70 in SK-BR-3 cells. (^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001)