Table 1:

SES Gradient in Canada

SES	Math		Reading		Science
	Coef.	SE	Coef.	SE	Coef.	SE
All years
Q2	19.18	1.28	21.33	1.17	18.15	3.33
Q3	31.44	1.23	35.05	1.24	35.48	3.46
Q4	43.47	1.20	48.55	1.20	47.32	3.39
Q5	58.79	1.36	63.12	1.42	59.97	3.55
2018
Q2	19.03	2.90	20.38	3.15	18.15	3.33
Q3	35.50	3.55	38.05	3.45	35.48	3.46
Q4	48.17	3.02	50.39	3.26	47.32	3.39
Q5	62.17	3.42	62.66	3.56	59.97	3.55

Notes: This table presents only the estimated coefficients on the SES quintile dummies. The top panel pools all survey years together. The bottom panel is based on PISA 2018 data only. The reference group for the SES quintiles is Q1 (the bottom quintile, including students whose parents have the lowest occupational status). Year fixed effects are included when all years are pooled together (top panel). Both models include the following control variables: student gender, age in months, expected grade, a dummy for immigration status, and two dummies indicating the language spoken at home (French, English, and others as the reference).

Source: Author’s calculations.