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. 2021 Mar 18;9:62. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01029-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — A Figure histogram of changes in SCFAs in the gut lumen and mucosa of the colon (*p < 0.05 compared with day 0; AC, TC, and DC presented the ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon; the number means the days for adding xylitol; day 0 presented the sample before adding xylitol). B Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) between species and short-chain fatty acids ((a) lumen, (b) mucosa. The angle of bacteria and SCFAs less than 90° indicated they are in correlation, but not for more than 90°. The length of the arrow represents the impact on community). C Volcano map of different metabolite production levels in vitro (red dot—significantly up-produced metabolites, green dot—significantly down-produced metabolites, gray dot—the metabolites with no significant difference, Q < 0.05). D Volcano map of different gene expression levels (red dot—significantly upregulated genes, blue dot—significantly downregulated genes, gray dot—the genes with no significant difference, Q < 0.05). E Distribution of xylitol metabolic enzymes in microorganisms before and after xylitol supplementation (EC 1.1.1.14-xylitol dehydrogenase; EC 2.7.1.17-xylokinase; EC 5.1.3.1-xylose phosphate isomerase. Before-AC0, the sample in the ascending colon before adding xylitol was defined as Before; After-AC2, the sample in the ascending colon after adding xylitol for 2 days was defined as After)