Table 3.
Bivariate and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression of risk factors of psychological abuse
| Characteristics | Bivariate logistic regression | Mixed effect logistic regression model 1* | Mixed effect logistic regression model 2* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
| Fixed effects | |||||||||
| Nursing staff | |||||||||
| Sex (0 = female, 1 = male) | 1.10 | 0.86–1.41 | 0.437 | 1.23 | 0.90–1.67 | 0.190 | 1.22 | 0.90–1.65 | 0.204 |
| Age (in years) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.598 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.468 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.366 |
| Professional occupation (ref: nursing assistant) | |||||||||
| Licensed practical nurse | 1.59 | 1.34–1.88 | < 0.001 | 1.62 | 1.29–2.03 | < 0.001 | 1.64 | 1.30–2.06 | < 0.001 |
| Registered nurse/social educator | 1.68 | 1.39–2.01 | < 0.001 | 1.74 | 1.37–2.21 | < 0.001 | 1.77 | 1.40–2.25 | < 0.001 |
| Continuous health education (0 = yes, 1 = no) | 0.95 | 0.81–1.10 | 0.494 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Overall health (1 = very good, 5 = very bad) | 1.31 | 1.18–1.44 | < 0.001 | 1.10 | 0.96–1.25 | 0.176 | 1.09 | 0.96–1.25 | 0.195 |
| Feeling exhausted (0 = no, 1 = yes) | 1.73 | 1.48–2.02 | < 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.77–1.18 | 0.640 | 0.94 | 0.76–1.16 | 0.554 |
| Psychological distress (0 = no, 1 = yes) | 1.96 | 1.62–2.37 | < 0.001 | 1.45 | 1.14–1.85 | 0.003 | 1.46 | 1.14–1.86 | 0.003 |
| Childhood (1 = very good, 5 = very difficult) | 1.15 | 1.07–1.24 | < 0.001 | 1.04 | 0.95–1.15 | 0.379 | 1.04 | 0.95–1.15 | 0.373 |
| Job satisfaction (1 = very satisfied, 5 = very unsatisfied) | 1.57 | 1.43–1.73 | < 0.001 | 1.12 | 0.98–1.28 | 0.094 | 1.11 | 0.97–1.26 | 0.128 |
| Intention to leave (0 = no, 1 = yes) | 1.95 | 1.68–2.25 | < 0.001 | 1.35 | 1.11–1.65 | 0.003 | 1.35 | 1.10–1.65 | 0.003 |
| Attitudes (8–40 ➔ higher score = poor attitudes) | 1.02 | 1.01–1.04 | < 0.001 | 1.02 | 1.01–1.04 | 0.012 | 1.02 | 1.01–1.04 | 0.012 |
| Relational | |||||||||
| Resident aggression (0 = less aggression, 1 = high aggression) | 2.68 | 2.32–3.10 | < 0.001 | 1.81 | 1.51–2.16 | < 0.001 | 1.76 | 1.47–2.11 | < 0.001 |
| Care-related conflicts (0 = few conflicts, 1 = high conflicts) | 2.76 | 2.39–3.18 | < 0.001 | 2.31 | 1.95–1.75 | < 0.001 | 2.33 | 1.96–2.77 | < 0.001 |
| Institutional | |||||||||
| Job demands (1–5 ➔ higher score = more demands) | 1.62 | 1.19–2.21 | 0.002 | 0.89 | 0.50–1.58 | 0.700 | |||
| Support from manager (1–5 ➔ higher score = less support) | 1.64 | 1.34–2.00 | < 0.001 | 1.56 | 1.08–2.25 | 0.018 | |||
| Support from co-workers (1–5 ➔ higher score = less support) | 1.75 | 1.38–2.21 | < 0.001 | 1.23 | 0.80–1.90 | 0.352 | |||
| Size (number of beds) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.953 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.534 | |||
| Location (ref: urban) | |||||||||
| Suburban | 1.12 | 0.96–1.32 | 0.143 | 1.19 | 0.90–1.58 | 0.221 | |||
| Rural | 1.23 | 1.02–1.48 | 0.032 | 1.13 | 0.80–1.59 | 0.479 | |||
| Random effects | |||||||||
| N | 2777 | 2777 | |||||||
| Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) | 0.047 | 0.037 | |||||||
| Standard Error (SE) | 0.016 | 0.014 | |||||||
Intercept only model: N (obs.) = 3427, N (groups) = 100, ICC = 0.067, SE = 0.016
*Model 1 = level 1-variables; Model 2 = level 1- and 2-variables