Table 4.
Bivariate and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression of risk factors of physical abuse
| Characteristics | Bivariate logistic regression | Mixed effect logistic regression model 1* | Mixed effect logistic regression model 2* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
| Fixed effects | |||||||||
| Nursing staff | |||||||||
| Sex (0 = female, 1 = male) | 1.76 | 1.25–2.47 | 0.001 | 1.46 | 0.95–2.24 | 0.087 | 1.51 | 0.98–2.32 | 0.062 |
| Age (in years) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.910 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.705 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.690 |
| Professional occupation (ref: nursing assistant) | |||||||||
| Licensed practical nurse | 1.48 | 1.09–2.02 | 0.012 | 1.90 | 1.29–2.82 | 0.001 | 1.92 | 1.30–2.85 | 0.001 |
| Registered nurse/social educator | 1.98 | 1.45–2.71 | < 0.001 | 2.48 | 1.67–3.68 | < 0.001 | 2.49 | 1.68–3.70 | < 0.001 |
| Continuous health education (0 = yes, 1 = no) | 1.03 | 0.80–1.33 | 0.795 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Overall health (1 = very good, 5 = very bad) | 1.27 | 1.08–1.49 | 0.003 | 1.02 | 0.83–1.25 | 0.858 | 1.02 | 0.83–1.25 | 0.878 |
| Feeling exhausted (0 = no, 1 = yes) | 1.59 | 1.25–2.02 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 0.73–1.37 | 0.995 | 1.00 | 0.73–1.38 | 0.987 |
| Psychological distress (0 = no, 1 = yes) | 2.01 | 1.54–2.62 | < 0.001 | 1.61 | 1.15–2.24 | 0.005 | 1.62 | 1.16–2.27 | 0.005 |
| Childhood (1 = very good, 5 = very difficult) | 1.16 | 1.03–1.31 | 0.013 | 1.09 | 0.95–1.25 | 0.218 | 1.10 | 0.96–1.26 | 0.185 |
| Job satisfaction (1 = very satisfied, 5 = very unsatisfied) | 1.43 | 1.25–1.65 | < 0.001 | 1.01 | 0.84–1.22 | 0.901 | 1.02 | 0.84–1.23 | 0.860 |
| Intention to leave (0 = no, 1 = yes) | 1.81 | 1.44–2.27 | < 0.001 | 1.40 | 1.04–1.89 | 0.026 | 1.40 | 1.04–1.89 | 0.028 |
| Attitudes (8–40 ➔ higher score = poor attitudes) | 1.02 | 1.00–1.05 | 0.052 | 1.03 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.014 | 1.03 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.013 |
| Relational | |||||||||
| Resident aggression (0 = less aggression, 1 = high aggression) | 2.85 | 2.21–3.67 | < 0.001 | 2.10 | 1.56–2.84 | < 0.001 | 2.09 | 1.54–2.83 | < 0.001 |
| Care-related conflicts (0 = few conflicts, 1 = high conflicts) | 2.81 | 2.20–3.59 | < 0.001 | 2.18 | 1.64–2.89 | < 0.001 | 2.18 | 1.64–2.89 | < 0.001 |
| Institutional | |||||||||
| Job demands (1–5 ➔ higher score = more demands) | 1.48 | 0.89–2.46 | 0.133 | 1.35 | 0.66–2.75 | 0.409 | |||
| Support from manager (1–5 ➔ higher score = less support) | 0.97 | 0.70–1.35 | 0.877 | 0.65 | 0.41–1.04 | 0.072 | |||
| Support from co-workers (1–5 ➔ higher score = less support) | 1.35 | 0.91–1.98 | 0.134 | 1.20 | 0.70–2.05 | 0.518 | |||
| Size (number of beds) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.864 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.811 | |||
| Location (ref: urban) | |||||||||
| Suburban | 1.18 | 0.90–1.54 | 0.230 | 1.18 | 0.85–1.63 | 0.326 | |||
| Rural | 1.36 | 1.00–1.84 | 0.052 | 1.43 | 0.95–2.16 | 0.089 | |||
| Random effects | |||||||||
| N | 2797 | 2797 | |||||||
| Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) | 9.90e-35 | 3.90e-35 | |||||||
| Standard Error (SE) | 9.13e-19 | 4.75e-19 | |||||||
Intercept only model: N (obs.) = 3477, N (groups) = 100, ICC = 0.027, SE = 0.020
*Model 1 = level 1-variables; Model 2 = level 1- and 2-variables