Table 4.

Summary for sources and responsible bioactive molecules of exosomes that induce inflammasome activation

Sources of exosomes	Releasing cell type	Target cell(s)/tissue(s)	Effector molecule(s)	Reference
With paracrine effects
Amniotic fluid and malignant ascites	N/A	Macrophage	N/A	57
IL-1β-treated osteoarthritic chondrocytes	Cartilage cell	Macrophage	miR-449a-5p	107
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated Raw264.7 macrophages	Immune cell	Hepatocyte	N/A	75
Palmitate-treated HepG2 cells#	Liver cancer cell	Macrophage	N/A	108
Plasma of HIV-infected patients	HIV-target cell (Immune cell)	Non-HIV infected macrophage	HIV protein Nef	105
Plasma of traumatic brain injury patients#	N/A	Pulmonary endothelial cells	Apoptosis associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC)	78
With paracrine and/or autocrine effects
Blue-light irradiated human adult retinal pigment epithelial (hARPE-19) cells	Epithelial cell	Non-irradiated retinal pigment epithelial cell	Active forms of IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1	9
LPS/nigericin-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs)	Immune cell	Naive or nigericin-treated BMDMs	N/A	106
Manganese/LPS-treated microglial cells	Immune cell	Naive microglial cell	Apoptosis associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC)	71

#EVs were used in the study.

N/A: No available information.