. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 19.

Published in final edited form as: Acta Diabetol. 2018 Jan 30;55(6):519–529. doi: 10.1007/s00592-018-1105-3

Table 2.

Summary of 1-h plasma glucose publications

Author (Year)	Country	Cohort characteristics						Study objectives	Findings
		Sample size (n)	Age (Y)	Male (n, %)	Prevalence 1-h PG > 155 mg/ dl (n, %)	BMI (kg/m²)	Study design
Vaccaro (1992) [42]	USA	873	51.1 ± 7.7	873	NA	27.1 ± 3.5	Chicago People Gas Company study; mean follow-up: 19 years	Examining the relationship 1 h post-load versus 2 h post-load PG measurements to mortality	Outcome: coronary artery disease 1-h PG_>195mg/dl versus 1-h PG_<100mg/dl HR [95%CI]: 1.76[0.97–3.20] Outcome: cardiovascular disease 1-h PG_>195mg/dl versus 1-h PG_<100mg/dl HR [95%CI]: 1.96[1.11–3.45] Outcome: all causes mortality 1-h PG_>195mg/dl versus 1-h PG_<100mg/dl HR [95%CI]: 1.56[1.06–2.30]
Abdul Ghani (2008) [24]	USA	1301	42.0 ± 11.0	559 (43)	217 (16.7)	27.1 ± 5.1	San Antonio Heart Study. Mean follow-up duration: 8 years	Assessing the efficacy of 1-h plasma glucose concentration and the metabolic syndrome in predicting future risk of T2DM	Outcome: Diabetes (a) without metabolic syndrome NGT_{1-h PG > 155mg/dl}—metabolic syndrome vs. NGT_{1-h PG<155 mg/dl} HR [95%CI]: 3.4[1.8–6.4] (b) NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} + metabolic syndrome vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} HR [95%CI]: 15.2[7.8–29.3]
Cubbedu et al. (2010) [43]	Venezuela	327	39.4 v. 47 (p < 0.05)	Not specified	25 (7.6%)	28.5 v. 29.2 (p < 0.05)	Latino–Hispanics	1-h OGTT to predict increased risk of T2DM and surrogate markers of insulin	NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} HOMA-IR: 2.87 v. 2.66 (not significantly different) Matsuda index: 3.42 v. 2.51 (p < 0.05) Disposition index: 0.82 v. 0.49 (p < 0.01)
Manco et al. (2010) [44]	Europe	1100	43.0 v. 45.39 (p < 0.001)	? 56.1% women of total sample would include IGT group	222 (20.2%)	24.9 v. 26.25	RISC study	To correlate 1-h PG levels with beta cell function	NGT_{1-h PG<155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG> 155 mg/dl} Beta cell glucose sensitivity: 153.1 v. 86.88 (p < 0.001) B-cell rate sensitivity: 1150.2 v. 781.8 (p < 0.001) Potentiation factor: 2.2 v. 1.9 (p < 0.001)
Marini et al. 2017 [45]	Europe	256	35 v. 40 (p < 0.0001)	100 (39.0%)	72 (28.1%)	28.8 v. 30.1 (p = 0.72)	nondiabetic offspring participating in the EUGENE2 (European Network on Functional Genomics of Type 2 Diabetes) project who had one parent with type 2 diabetes and one parent without a history of type 2 diabetes	To study the association between 1-h PG levels and blood viscosity	NGT_{1-h PG<155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG>155 mg/dl} Matsuda index: 5.89 v. 3.7 (p < 0.0001) Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal: 11.3 v. 8.9 (p = 0.01) Disposition index: 4708 v. 2945 (p < 0.0001)
Succurro et al. (2010) [27]	Italy	1003	49.0 ± 12.0	475 (47.4)	445 (44.3)	30.3 ± 5.9	CATAMERI study cohort. Cross-sectional design	Assessing 1-h PG levels as a predictor of CKD	Outcome: Chronic kidney disease NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} OR [95%CI]: 2.61 [1.01–6.77]
Strandberg (2011) [46]	Finland	2756	42	2756		25.7	Helsinki Businessmen Study	Assessing development of diabetes and mortality using the 1-h plasma glucose test in conjunction with BMI	Outcome: Diabetes. NGT_{1-h PG>161 mg/dl} and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² vs. NGT_{1-h PG<161 mg/dl} and BMI < 25 HR [95%CI]: 2.27 [1.67-3.08] NGT_{1-h PG>161 mg/dl} and BMI < 30.0 kg/m² vs. NGT_{1-h PG<161 mg/dl} and BMI < 25. HR [95%CI]: 4.71 [3.36–6.60] NGT_{1-h PG > 161 mg/dl} and BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m² vs. NGT_{1-h PG<161 mg/dl} and BMI < 25. HR [95%CI]: 10.13 [6.46-15.89] Outcome: mortality NGT_{1-h PG > 161 mg/dl} and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² vs. NGT_{1-h PG<161 mg/dl} and BMI < 25 HR [95%CI]: 1.14[1.00–1.29] NGT_{1-h PG > 161 mg/dl} and BMI < 30.0 kg/m² vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 161 mg/dl} and BMI < 25. HR [95%CI]: 1.19[1.00-1.41] NGT_{1-h PG>161 mg/dl} and BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m² vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 161 mg/dl} and BMI < 25. HR [95%CI]: 1.51 [1.13–2.02]
Fiorentino (2015) [26]	Italy	234	41.8 ± 10.8	100 (42.9)	60 (25.6)	28.7 ± 5.8	CATAMERI and EUGENE study cohort. Mean follow-up: 5.2 years	Evaluating 1-h PG levels predicts T2DM in NGT subjects compared to IFG.	Outcome: diabetes NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} vs NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} HR: 4.02 [1.06–15.26] Outcome: insulin-stimulated glucose disposal: 10.5 v. 8.4 (p < .000 includes isolated IFG and IGT) Disposition index: 265 v. 142 (p < .000 includes isolated IFG and IGT)
Priya (2013) [47]	India	1179	45.4 ± 10.6	734 (62.2)	502 (42.6)	26.3 ± 6.4	Data from primary care; mean follow-up duration: 4.0 years	Using the 1-h OGTT to predict progression to prediabetes and T2DM among those with NGT	Outcome: Prediabetes NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} proportion (n, %): 181 (28.9) vs. 211 (52.2) Outcome: diabetes NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} proportion (n, %): 98 (19.5) vs. 50 (8.0)
Priya et al. (2016) [48]	India	166	20 v. 22 v 23 (p = 0.012)	46.1 v. 66.7 v. 46.7% (p = 0.094)	30 (18.1%)	24.1 v. 25.7 v. 25.2 (p = 0.817)	Data from specialized diabetes center in Chennai	Assessing B-cell function and insulin sensitivity indices among NT stratified by 1-h plasma glucose	NGT 1 h < 143 mg/dL v. 143 to < 155 mg/dL v ≥ 155 mg/dL HOMA-IR: 2.8 v. 3.4 v. 1.8 (p = 0.103) Insulinogenic index: 367 v. 257 v. 246 (p = 0.019) Matsuda index: 11.2 v. 7.4 v. 5.5 (p < 0.001) Insulin sensitivity index: 0.015 v. 0.012 v. 0.011 (p = 0.028)
Kim (2013) [49]	USA	233	11.1 ± 1.7	100 (42.9)	82 (35.2)	28.7 ± 5.5	Obese Latino youth with a family history of type 2 diabetes. Mean follow-up: 4.7 years	Examining the utility of elevated 1-h glucose levels to predict deterioration in B-cell function and the development of prediabetes	Outcome: prediabetes NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} OR [95%CI]: 2.4 [1.4–4.2] During the follow-up 1-h PG ≥ 155 mg/dL group exhibited a significantly greater decline in β-cell function compared with youth with a 1-h glucose < 155 mg/dL (β = −327.8 ± 126.2, p = 0.01)
Oh et al. (2015) [50]	South Korea	192	52.8 v. 53.7	46 (24.0%)	43 (22.4%)	23.8 v. 24.5	Cross-sectional	To study B-cell function in subjects with 1 h high and 1 h low	NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} HOMA-IR: 1.2 v. 1.4 (p = 0.148) Matsuda index: 9.3 v. 8.3 Oral disposition index: 2.5 v. 1.8 (p < 0.001) ISS-2: 301.2 v. 213 (p < 0.001) Insulinogenic index at 60 min was not significantly different between the groups
Bergman et al. (2016) [38, 39]	Israel	739	48.1 ± 6.7	376 (50.9)	188 (25.4)	25.5 ± 3.6	The Israel Study of glucose intolerance, obesity and hypertension. Mean follow-up duration: 24 years	Evaluating the association of an elevated 1-h PG with cumulative incidence of diabetes, prediabetes and mortality	Outcome: prediabetes 1-h PG_{> 155mg/dl} and 2-h PG_{< 140mg/dl} vs. 1-h PG_{<155 mg/dl} and 2-h PG_<140mg/dl OR [95%CI]: 1.87 [1.09–3.26] Outcome: diabetes 1-h PG_{>155 mg/dl} and 2-h PG_<140mg/dl vs. 1-h PG_{<155 mg/dl} and 2-h PG_<140mg/dl OR [95%CI]: 4.35 [2.50–7.73] Outcome: mortality 1-h PG_{> 155 mg/dl} and 2-h PG_{< 140mg/dl} vs. PG_{<155 mg/dl} and 2-h PG_<140mg/dl OR [95%CI]: 1.28 [1.09–1.50]
Oh et al. (2017) [51]	Korea	5703	51.3 ± 8.7	3062 (53.4)	2435 (42.7)*	24.1 ± 3.1	Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Mean follow-up duration: 12 years	Assessing 1-h OGTT levels as a predictor of future T2DM compared to IGT	Outcome: diabetes NGT_{1-h PG>145 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG<145 mg/dl} HR [95%CI]: 2.84[2.34–3.45]
Paddock et al. (2017) [52]	USA	1946	25.4	817 (42.0)	NA	30.0 ± 6.0	Southwestern Native American (SWNA) community in Arizona; Mean follow-up duration: 12.8 years	Assessing 1-h PG as a predictor of T2DM along with insulin secretion	Outcome: Diabetes NGT_{1-h PG > 168 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 168 mg/dl} HR [95%CI]: 1.71 [1.60–1.82]
Pareek et al. (2018) [40]	Sweden	4703	48.0 (48.0–49.0)	4703 (100)	1564 (33.3)	24.8 ± 3.1	Population-based cohort study from Malmo, Sweden. Mean follow-up duration: 39 years	Evaluating 1-h PG as a predictor of T2DM, cardiovascular risk and mortality compared to 2-h level.	Outcome: diabetes NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} HR [95%CI]: 2.93 [2.48–3.46] Outcome: all-cause mortality NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} HR [95%CI]: 1.29 [1.19–1.39] Outcome: incident myocardial infarction and fatal ischemic heart disease NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} HR [95%CI]: 1.24 [1.10–1.39] Outcome: diabetic retinopathy NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} HR [95%CI]: 5.23 [3.24–8.43] Outcome: diabetic peripheral vascular complications NGT_{1-h PG > 155 mg/dl} vs. NGT_{1-h PG < 155 mg/dl} HR [95%CI]: 2.90 [1.69–4.99]