Figure 2.

Emotional well-being and sleep quality: (A) The PASS-20 and its subscales demonstrate higher scores for the PASS total and the cognition subscale in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome compared with healthy controls. Patients with moderate/severe neuP have higher scores on PASS total as well as escape and cognition subscores than those with mild neuP. (B) Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) showing mostly higher scores in patients with moderate/severe neuropathic pain compared with those with mild neuP. (C) The Insomnia Severity Index indicates that patients with carpal tunnel syndrome have higher insomnia ratings than healthy controls. Patients with moderate/severe neuP have a more pronounced sleep deficit compared with patients with mild neuP. Violin plots depicting median (solid line), first and third quantiles (dotted lines), and single data points; straight lines represent significant Helmert contrasts. ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; neuP, neuropathic pain; PASS-20, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale.