(a) Analysis of cytotoxicity, HMGB1 release, and SQSTM1 release in the indicated poly (I:C)-primed BMDMs following LPS electroporation (LPSe) or E. coli (MOI = 25) infection for 24 h (n = 5 well/group; two-tailed t test, versus wild type group). (b) Analysis of cytotoxicity, HMGB1 release, and SQSTM1 release in the indicated LPS-primed BMDMs following ATP (5 mM, 3 h) or nigericin (10 μM, 3 h) treatment (n = 5 well/group; two-tailed t test, versus wild type group). (c) Analysis of cytotoxicity, HMGB1 release, and SQSTM1 release in the indicated BMDMs following Y. pestis (MOI = 25) infection or LPS5Z7 (LPS [50 ng/ml] + 5z7 [400 nM]) (n = 5 well/group; two-tailed t test, versus wild type group). Data in (a-c) are presented as mean ± SD from two independent experiments.