(a, b) Indicated primary macrophages were stimulated with rSQSTM1 (10, 100, and 1000 ng/ml) or boiled rSQSTM1 (BrSQSTM1) for 24 h. The glucose uptake (a) and lactate production (b) were assayed (n = 3 well/group; one-way ANOVA test, versus control group). (c) TMs and HPBMs were treated with rSQSTM1 (100 ng/ml) and IL4 (50 ng/ml) for 48 h and the mRNA expression of Il10 and Arg1 were assayed (n = 3 well/group; two-tailed t test, versus control group). HPBMs, primary human blood monocyte-derived macrophages; MPMs, primary mouse peritoneal macrophages; MLMs, primary mouse lung macrophages; MHMs, primary mouse hepatic macrophages. Data in (a-c) are presented as mean ± SD from two independent experiments.