TABLE 2.

Included tests from cognitive tests battery

Domain	Test	Description
General cognitive ability	g	First component of principal component analyses using all cognitive measures listed below.
Verbal intelligence	Wechsler test of adult Reading WASI vocabulary	Subjects read aloud a list of 50 irregularly spelled words. Score is the number of correctly pronounced words. Subjects answer questions about the meaning of words (e.g., what does winter mean?).
Abstract reasoning	WASI matrix	Subjects view an incomplete matrix and select the response that completes the matrix.
Verbal and semantic fluency	COWAT: Controlled Oral word association test	Subjects list as many words as possible in 60 s. In the first three trials, the words must begin with the letters, F, A, and S (verbal fluency). In the fourth trial, the words must be animals (semantic fluency).
Processing speed and executive function	Trail making A and B	Computerized Trail making: Subjects click on circles presented on the screen in a specified order. The order is either consecutive letters (A), or alternating numbers and letters (B). Output is total time taken to complete the trail.
Processing speed	Digit symbol	A key of digit symbol pairs is presented at the top of the screen and subjects indicate whether a target digit symbol pair presented at the center of the screen matches any pair from the key. Subjects complete as many trials as possible in 90 s.
Verbal memory	CVLT: California verbal learning test	Subjects hear an audio recording of 16 words and repeat out loud as many words as they can recall. This is repeated for five trials. Sum correct is the total number of correct recalls over all five trails. On the sixth trial (recall condition), subjects list as many words as they can recall without first hearing the audio recording. In the recognition condition, subjects recognize the 16 target words presented alongside 32 non‐target words.
Working memory	Span forward and backward Letter number sequencing	Subjects hear sequences of letters or numbers that increase in length throughout the trials and repeat these sequences out loud. In the forward condition, subjects repeat the sequences in the order in which they heard them. In the backward condition, subjects repeat the sequences in reverse order. Same as above, but the sequences contain both letters and numbers and subjects repeat the letters in numerical order, followed by the letters in alphabetical order.
Facial memory	Penn face memory test	Subjects see images of faces and are asked to try to remember them. After they have seen all the faces, they perform a recognition‐memory task. Each trial comprises a face (either an old face or a new one), and subjects make old/new judgments. Direct and delayed correct responses were averaged.
Emotional memory	Penn emotion recognition test	Subjects see a color image of a face expressing an emotion (happy, sad, fearful, and angry) or with a neutral expression. Subjects make their responses by clicking on the words printed to the screen. There is no feedback and there are no practice trials.
Spatial memory	Corsi SCAP: Spatial capacity delayed response test	Subjects observe the sequence of blocks in which circles appear, and then repeat the sequence back in order. The task starts with a small number of blocks and gradually increases in length up to nine blocks. Three different conditions (clicking the block where circles appeared (order irrelevant), clicking in order (similar to the original Corsi), clicking blocks in order where circles appeared, then click in order the blocks were crosses appeared) were averaged to obtain one score. On each trial, the subject sees a study array comprising three to five yellow circles in random positions on the screen. The study array is removed and, after a delay, is replaced by a single green circle (the probe). The subject indicates whether the probe has the same spatial location as one of the original circles. In this version of the SCAP, there are 14 three‐, 14 four‐ and 14 five‐item trials.
Sustained attention	IPCPTs: Identical pairs continuous performance test	On each trial, the subject sees a three‐item symbol array, and presses the space bar each time the current array matches the array from the previous trial (effectively a 1‐back task). Trials have a duration of 1.5 s. There are 200 trials in the test phase.
Motor speed	Orientation test	Subject sees either a blue square (during the first 10 trials) or a blue square and a red circle (during the last 10 trials) positioned randomly on the screen. The task is to click on the blue square as quickly as possible. After each trial the blue square becomes smaller and the red square becomes larger. It is similar to the mouse practice task from Gur et al., 2001. Output is total time taken to complete the test.