Table 3.
Multivariable multilevel logistic regression model of the effects of individual-level and community-level factors on improved sources of toilet facilities in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016
| Variables | Model 0 | Model I | Model II | Model III | |
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |||
| Sex of the household head | Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.16) | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.19) | |||
| Age of the household head | 13–30 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 31–40 | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.15) | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.21) | |||
| 41–56 | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.15) | 1.02 (0.86 to 1.20) | |||
| ≥57 | 0.98 (0.83 to 1.16) | 1.08 (0.91 to 1.28) | |||
| Education level of the household head | No education | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 1.34 (0.67 to 2.67) | 1.19 (0.59 to 2.40) | |||
| Secondary | 0.74 (0.40 to 1.36) | 0.75 (0.41 to 1.38) | |||
| Higher | 2.26 (1.13 to 4.54) | 2.21 (1.12 to 4.36)** | |||
| Current marital status of the household head | Never married | 1 | 1 | ||
| Married | 0.87 (0.71 to 1.08) | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.22) | |||
| Divorced | 0.69 (0.52 to 0.91)** | 0.82 (0.62 to 1.08) | |||
| Widowed | 0.66 (0.50 to 0.86)*** | 0.75 (0.57 to 0.98)** | |||
| Household wealth index | Poorest | 1 | 1 | ||
| Poor | 3.99 (3.00 to 5.31)*** | 3.97 (2.99 to 5.29)*** | |||
| Middle | 5.87 (4.39 to 7.86)*** | 5.82 (4.35 to 7.80)*** | |||
| Richer | 8.65 (6.46 to 11.58)***c | 8.58 (6.40 to 11.50)c | |||
| Richest | 24.76 (18.08 to 33.91)*** | 23.94 (17.45 to 32.83)*** | |||
| Source of drinking water | Unimproved | 1 | 1 | ||
| Improved | 1.36 (1.12 to 1.65)c | 1.37 (1.12 to 1.66)c | |||
| Household size | 1–3 members | 1 | 1 | ||
| 4–6 members | 0.88 (0.78 to 0.99)* | 0.86 (0.75 to 0.98)*** | |||
| 7 members and above | 1.07 (0.91 to 1.26) | 1.02 (0.86 to 1.22) | |||
| Place of residence | Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 0.28 (0.21 to 0.39)*** | 0.28 (0.20 to 0.38)*** | |||
| Region | Tigray | 0.27 (0.16 to 0.45)*** | 0.28 (0.17 to 0.46)*** | ||
| Afar | 0.38 (0.21 to 0.68)*** | 0.37 (0.21 to 0.67)*** | |||
| Amhara | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)*** | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)*** | |||
| Oromia | 0.10 (0.06 to 0.17)*** | 0.10 (0.06 to 0.17)*** | |||
| Somali | 1.33 (0.79 to 2.22) | 1.32 (0.79 to 2.21) | |||
| Benishangul-Gumuz | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.10)*** | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.10)*** | |||
| SNNPR | 0.20 (0.12 to 0.34)*** | 0.20 (0.12 to 0.33)*** | |||
| Gambella | 0.15 (0.09 to 0.26)*** | 0.15 (0.09 to 0.26)*** | |||
| Harari | 0.40 (0.24 to 0.66)*** | 0.40 (0.24 to 0.66)*** | |||
| Dire Dawa | 1.13 (0.69 to 1.87) | 1.14 (0.69 to 1.89) | |||
| Addis Ababa | 1 | 1 | |||
| Random effect | Community level variance (SE) | 8.66 (0.73)*** | 8.71 (0.74)*** | 1.21 (0.12)*** | 1.22 (0.12)*** |
| ICC (%) | 72.46 | 72.58 | 26.95 | 27.08 | |
| MOR | 16.37 | 16.50 | 2.84 | 2.86 | |
| PCV | Reference | −1.07% | 86.03 | 85.91% | |
| Model fit statistics | Log-likelihood | −5621.74 | −5603.26 | −5029.24 | −5018.39 |
| Deviance | 11 243.48 | 11 206.52 | 11 036.78 | 10 058.48 | |
Significant at *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
AOR, adjusted OR; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; Model 0, empty (null) model; Model I, only individual-level explanatory variables included in the model; Model II, only community-level explanatory variables included in the model; Model III, combined model; both individual-level and community-level explanatory variables; MOR, median OR; PCV, proportional change in variance.