Table 1.
Respondents’ baseline characteristics
| ELSA* | JAGES | |||||||||
| Social Isolation Index score† | Social Isolation Index score† | |||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ≥4 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ≥4 | |
| n=905 (27.2%) |
n=1049 (31.5%) |
n=596 (17.9%) |
n=216 (6.5%) |
n=49 (1.5%) |
n=1402 (4.2%) |
n=5981 (18.0%) |
n=9723 (29.4%) |
n=8735 (26.4%) |
n=2176 (6.6%) |
|
| Age (years), (%) | ||||||||||
| 65–69 | 41.0 | 36.4 | 29.9 | 27.6 | 28.3 | 38.6 | 40.5 | 38.0 | 37.0 | 35.8 |
| 70–74 | 26.1 | 28.3 | 28.8 | 29.3 | 23.6 | 32.1 | 32.5 | 31.6 | 31.0 | 30.4 |
| 75–79 | 20.9 | 17.5 | 19.3 | 15.8 | 20.4 | 19.2 | 18.3 | 19.5 | 20.3 | 21.9 |
| 80–84 | 9.1 | 12.2 | 12.5 | 14.5 | 15.5 | 8.3 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 8.8 |
| ≥85 | 2.8 | 5.7 | 9.5 | 12.8 | 12.2 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.1 |
| Gender, (%) | ||||||||||
| Men | 50.0 | 46.1 | 45.3 | 51.9 | 65.8 | 27.2 | 35.1 | 47.0 | 64.4 | 66.1 |
| Women | 50.0 | 53.9 | 54.7 | 48.1 | 34.2 | 72.8 | 64.9 | 53.0 | 35.6 | 33.9 |
| Educational attainment (years), (%) | ||||||||||
| ≤15 | 44.1 | 51.3 | 52.3 | 60.9 | 69.6 | 42.9 | 38.1 | 37.9 | 38.7 | 48.6 |
| 16–18 | 35.0 | 33.8 | 34.6 | 27.5 | 14.1 | 40.9 | 40.8 | 39.3 | 36.8 | 31.1 |
| ≥19 | 17.8 | 12.5 | 11.0 | 10.3 | 14.0 | 15.7 | 20.4 | 21.8 | 23.3 | 18.5 |
| Missing | 3.2 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.8 |
| Household equivalised income, (%) | ||||||||||
| First quintile (lowest) | 11.4 | 18.3 | 23.2 | 31.2 | 14.4 | 7.4 | 10.9 | 13.9 | 15.6 | 21.3 |
| Second quintile | 21.5 | 23.7 | 26.1 | 24.1 | 29.6 | 13.2 | 13.5 | 15.0 | 15.5 | 16.4 |
| Third quintile | 20.9 | 21.8 | 18.9 | 19.5 | 27.1 | 22.5 | 30.6 | 30.3 | 30.6 | 28.0 |
| Fourth quintile | 21.9 | 19.9 | 18.1 | 16.5 | 16.6 | 14.3 | 13.6 | 12.7 | 11.3 | 9.5 |
| Fifth quintile (highest) | 22.7 | 15.0 | 12.7 | 8.3 | 12.4 | 31.5 | 22.5 | 19.2 | 16.8 | 12.9 |
| Missing | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 11.1 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 10.2 | 11.9 |
| Cancer, (%) | ||||||||||
| No | 96.5 | 95.8 | 97.1 | 97.5 | 96.5 | 91.0 | 91.2 | 90.8 | 90.1 | 89.7 |
| Yes | 3.4 | 4.2 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.7 |
| Missing | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.6 |
| Heart disease, (%) | ||||||||||
| No | 90.7 | 86.9 | 88.4 | 88.3 | 77.3 | 91.0 | 91.2 | 90.8 | 90.1 | 89.7 |
| Yes | 9.3 | 13.0 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 22.7 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.7 |
| Missing | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.6 |
| Stroke, (%) | ||||||||||
| No | 96.3 | 96.1 | 97 | 94.4 | 96.6 | 93.3 | 93.6 | 93.1 | 92.5 | 92.2 |
| Yes | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 |
| Missing | 0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.6 |
| Self-rated health, (%) | ||||||||||
| Good | 86.4 | 79.9 | 78.8 | 75.4 | 71.3 | 92.0 | 91.7 | 90.6 | 90.2 | 87.2 |
| Poor | 13.6 | 20.1 | 21.2 | 24.6 | 28.7 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 12.2 |
| Missing | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
| Smoking, (%) | ||||||||||
| Never/past | 95.5 | 93.1 | 89.8 | 82.9 | 89.4 | 86.4 | 86.1 | 82.9 | 81.5 | 78.4 |
| Current | 4.5 | 6.9 | 10.2 | 17.1 | 10.6 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 9.5 | 11.3 | 14.2 |
| Missing | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.3 |
| Drinking, (%) | ||||||||||
| Never/past | 7.5 | 11.8 | 14.9 | 25.8 | 17.3 | 65.0 | 60.0 | 56.5 | 50.4 | 55.0 |
| Current | 91.3 | 87.0 | 82.9 | 72.6 | 73.6 | 30.2 | 35.7 | 38.6 | 44.7 | 40.4 |
| Missing | 1.3 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 9.2 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.6 |
| CES-D 8 score at baseline, (%) | ||||||||||
| 0 | 57.2 | 52.0 | 45.5 | 42.2 | 54.0 | |||||
| 1 | 27.3 | 26.2 | 28.6 | 31.8 | 25.5 | |||||
| 2 | 9.8 | 13.8 | 17.1 | 11.9 | 15.1 | |||||
| 3 | 5.7 | 8.0 | 8.8 | 14.2 | 5.4 | |||||
| GDS score at baseline, (%) | ||||||||||
| 0 | 20.5 | 30.4 | 29.0 | 26.4 | 24.3 | |||||
| 1 | 25.5 | 28.4 | 28.6 | 26.9 | 27.0 | |||||
| 2 | 22.5 | 20.0 | 19.8 | 21.5 | 21.1 | |||||
| 3 | 17.5 | 13.1 | 13.5 | 14.7 | 15.9 | |||||
| 4 | 14.1 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 10.5 | 11.7 | |||||
*ELSA data after sampling weight.
†Missing data: ELSA, n=516; JAGES, n=5110.
CES-D 8, eight items from the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; JAGES, Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study.