Table 1. Clinical characteristics according to ASM% quartiles.
| Variables | Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p for trend* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 13620 | N = 3412 | N = 3392 | N = 3409 | N = 3407 | ||
| Age (years) | 48.13±13.09 | 52.71±13.80 | 49.25±12.69 | 46.95±12.26 | 43.59±11.84 | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 65.86±12.89 | 71.16±15.00 | 66.74±12.14 | 64.46±11.49 | 61.08±10.34 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | 23.71±3.42 | 26.64±3.59 | 24.25±2.56 | 22.89±2.38 | 21.04±2.22 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.56±9.73 | 90.86±9.68 | 85.02±7.96 | 81.64±7.86 | 76.75±7.37 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.47±15.76 | 123.13±16.14 | 118.26±15.24 | 115.94±15.56 | 112.57±14.15 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.10±10.98 | 81.76±11.35 | 79.86±10.77 | 78.53±10.82 | 76.25±10.19 | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 91.49±35.20 | 119.56±37.88 | 95.32±27.68 | 83.36±26.73 | 67.70±24.63 | <0.001 |
| ASM (kg) | 19.81±4.86 | 19.14±5.15 | 19.59±4.78 | 19.99±4.77 | 20.51±4.60 | <0.001 |
| ASM% | 29.94±3.63 | 26.64±2.85 | 29.06±2.53 | 30.71±2.46 | 33.33±2.87 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196.36±36.21 | 200.40±39.13 | 198.88±36.36 | 196.30±35.40 | 189.86±32.76 | <0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 56.40±14.28 | 52.21±12.63 | 54.78±13.49 | 57.04±14.42 | 61.57±14.78 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 118.20±33.61 | 122.38±36.06 | 120.98±34.05 | 118.19±32.82 | 111.32±30.20 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 110.40±76.84 | 131.84±86.41 | 117.59±84.46 | 106.92±74.15 | 85.25±48.68 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.44±19.96 | 100.28±23.93 | 95.45±20.38 | 92.95±17.30 | 89.09±15.49 | <0.001 |
| AST (IU/L) | 27.65±18.23 | 31.39±19.47 | 27.92±16.47 | 26.53±21.90 | 24.76±13.28 | <0.001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 27.73±24.79 | 35.57±30.77 | 29.04±22.22 | 25.14±26.51 | 21.17±14.24 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.25±1.34 | 5.52±1.43 | 5.28±1.30 | 5.16±1.31 | 5.02±1.25 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.63±0.72 | 5.85±0.88 | 5.66±0.72 | 5.56±0.61 | 5.43±0.54 | <0.001 |
| Insulin | 9.65±5.78 | 12.44±7.84 | 9.74±4.40 | 7.80±2.91 | 6.80±2.78 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.42±1.65 | 3.25±2.13 | 2.46±1.31 | 1.83±0.73 | 1.61±1.13 | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.15±0.46 | 0.22±0.47 | 0.15±0.47 | 0.13±0.45 | 0.10±0.45 | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 2238 (16.4) | 1165 (34.2) | 573 (16.8) | 386 (11.3) | 114 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 4230 (31.1) | 1658 (48.7) | 1128 (33.1) | 899 (26.4) | 545 (16.0) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1139 (8.4) | 498 (14.6) | 294 (8.6) | 226 (6.6) | 121 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Obese status | <0.001 | |||||
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) | 4456 (32.7) | 2325 (68.3) | 1325 (38.9) | 676 (19.9) | 130 (3.8) | |
| Overweight (BMI 23–24.9 kg/m2) | 3266 (24.0) | 649 (19.1) | 1026 (30.1) | 1019 (29.9) | 572 (16.8) | |
| Normal (BMI 18.5–22.9 kg/m2) | 5345 (39.2) | 422 (12.4) | 1025 (30.1) | 1623 (47.7) | 2275 (66.8) | |
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) | 553 (4.1) | 9 (0.3) | 29 (0.9) | 87 (2.6) | 428 (12.6) | |
| Smoking | 2381 (17.5) | 589 (17.3) | 584 (17.2) | 549 (16.1) | 659 (19.4) | 0.077 |
| Alcohol intake | 7224 (53.0) | 1660 (48.8) | 1822 (53.5) | 1827 (53.7) | 1915 (56.2) | <0.001 |
ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; ASM%, ASMx100/Weight; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; Data are presented as mean± SD or number (%).
*From linear and logistic regression without any adjustment.