Table 1. Key actions from science-policy fora and their proposed targets and indicators.

OECD, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Action	CBD Updated Zero Draft target	Proposed targets	Proposed indicators
1. Remove incentives that make food production and consumption harmful to biodiversity	E. 12. (c) 17.	By 2025, parties identify incentives harmful to biodiversity.	Number of countries with policy plans for removal or reform of incentives harmful to biodiversity.
			Percentage of harmful subsidies removed and/or redirected (e.g., at least 50% by 2030, 100% for 2050).
		By 2025, develop policy plans, including a prioritized list of measures, with timelines, leading to the eventual removal, phase-out, or reform of incentives harmful to biodiversity	Sector-level government financial transfers to agriculture [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) databases].
		By 2025, redirect capacity-enhancing subsidies (subsidy programs that lead to disinvestments in natural capital assets once the fishing capacity develops to a point where resource exploitation exceeds the Maximum Economic Yield) to support sustainable activities.	Proportion of assessed fish stocks that are overfished [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) statistics].
2. Accounting for true value and true costs of production by sector	E. 12. (c) 13.	By 2025, a system of natural capital accounting is developed including economic, cultural, social, intrinsic, and intergenerational values of biodiversity, including diverse conceptualization of multiple values of nature.	Frequency of use of valuation tools that assess the diverse conceptualization of multiple values of nature and its benefits.
			Number of countries that have developed natural capital accounting systems in their National Development Plans, which take into account the explicit role of nature into poverty reduction strategies and other key development plans, by including economic, cultural, social, intrinsic, and intergenerational values of biodiversity.
3. Reduce food waste and loss across supply chains	Not explicitly mentioned. Other relevant targets: E. 12. (b) 9, E. 12. (c) 14, E. 12. (c) 15.	By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including postharvest losses.	Use of Accounting and Reporting Standard (Food Loss and Waste Protocol Standard).
			Number of countries reporting to Global Food Loss Index and National Food Loss Index.
4. Strengthen sustainability standards and certification	Not explicitly mentioned. relevant targets: E. 12. (b) 9, E. 12. (c) 14, E. 12. (c) 15.	By 2025, sustainability certification standards strengthen biodiversity requirements, including No Net Loss as a minimum and management and monitoring of conservation areas (e.g., areas of High Conservation Value as specified in standards).	Number of companies with biodiversity commitments/policies and their market share.
		By 2025, producing governments require minimum sustainability standard for export.	Number of companies reporting against SMART biodiversity indicators.
		By 2025, consuming countries require sustainability certification for import of high-biodiversity risk commodities.	% of ISEAL Alliance members with stronger biodiversity requirements, including No Net Loss as a minimum, and management and monitoring of conservation areas (e.g., High Conservation Value areas).
		By 2025, sustainable public procurement plans adopted by governments.
		By 2025, sustainability certification standards include recognition of need for enhancing agrobiodiversity, land sharing, and multifunctionality.	Use of Biodiversity Impact Indicators for Commodity Production (BIICP).
		By 2025, standards include recognition and autonomous rights of indigenous people and local communities.
5. Promote the use of life cycle assessments	Not explicitly mentioned. Other relevant targets: E. 12. (b) 9; E. 12. (c) 14; E. 12. (c) 15.	By 2025, Life Cycle Assessment and ecological footprints are made freely available to the consumer when buying a product.	Ecological footprint across life cycle of product.
		By 2025, data are aggregated and monitored at municipal/ national levels using standardized protocols.
		By 2025, Life Cycle Assessment reporting includes multiple stakeholders, e.g., small-scale farmers and informal markets.	Number of products with life cycle assessments.
		By 2025, waste management is tracked and disclosed at all levels of Life Cycle Assessments.
6. Promote sustainable and varied diets	Not explicitly mentioned. Relevant targets: E. 12. (b) 8, E. 12. (b) 9; E. 12. (c) 15.	By 2025, develop dietary guidelines that address health and environmental sustainability, promoting a more diverse and nutritionally balanced diet of fruits, vegetables, meat, and seafood.	Number of countries with dietary guidelines that address both health and sustainability.
			Meat consumption kilograms per capita.
			Seafood consumption kilograms/capita (FAO statistics).
		By 2025, develop incentives for redirecting reduction fisheries (i.e., fisheries, often on lower trophic levels, that process their catch into fish meal or fish oil) to direct human consumption.	Quantities of reduction fisheries (FAO statistics).
		By 2025, develop incentives for increased mariculture of edible sea plants and filter feeders.	Quantities of maricultured sea plants and filter feeders (FAO statistics).
		Financial incentives for environmentally friendly and healthy food production and consumption.	SDG 12.1.1 Number of countries with sustainable consumption and production (SCP) national action plans or SCP mainstreamed as a priority or a target into national policies.
		By 2025, schools provide sustainable varied meals to children up to the age of 12, following the dietary guidelines.	SDG 2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES).
7. Mainstream biodiversity considerations in food systems (cross-cutting)	E. 12. (c) 13, E. 12. (c) 14, E. 12. (c) 15, E. 12. (c) 16; E. 12. (c) 17; E. 12. (c) 18; E. 12. (c) 19, E. 12. (c) 20.	Cross-cutting action: Implementation of actions contributes to mainstreaming biodiversity (Fig. 1). Includes integrating biodiversity into national and local planning, development processes, and poverty reduction and accounts.
8. Strengthen governance of sustainable food production and consumption (cross-cutting)	G. 14. (a), G. 14. (b), G. 14. (g), H. 15, H. 16, H. 17, H. 18.	Cross-cutting action: Strengthening governance within and beyond the CBD contributes to the implementation of actions and creates “enabling conditions” for effectiveness (Fig. 1). Undertaken through implementation of relevant laws and policies, agreeing to harmonized indicators to measure progress, allocating and funding monitoring bodies, and creating a system of robust and transparent reporting and use of enforcement mechanisms.