Table 4. Agents and actions for change to create enabling conditions for transformative changes in food production and consumption for the post-2020 biodiversity framework.

Agents	Actions for change	Key actions
Small-/medium-scale farmers	Diversification of production activities; recognizing importance of biodiversity; collective action with other farmers, including to establish wildlife corridors with other land users; and engagement with standards and ecological intensification	3, 4
Large-scale producers	Diversification of production activities; integrating values/costs of biodiversity; science- based commitments and targets and transparent reporting on progress (including to no net loss and restoration activities); promote agrobiodiversity, ecological intensification, agroecology; compliance with sustainability standards and legal requirements; and scrutiny over transactions including “publish what you pay” for agribusiness	2, 3, 4, 5, 7
Citizens	Awareness of biodiversity impacts in supply chains; shifts in perceptions and behavior (reduced consumption of unsustainable foods, diet); social learning; citizens assemblies; hold industry and government to account; citizens assemblies; local green politics; urban farming	3, 6, 8
Local communities and indigenous peoples	Hold industry and government to account; citizens assemblies; local green politics; urban farming; and value and maintain local and traditional knowledge related to food	2, 4, 8
Local/regional governments	Hold industry to account; sustainable procurement; taxation; awareness campaigns; and stronger anti-corruption measures	7, 8
Non-governmental organizations/ Civil society organizations	Holding governments and industry to account to recognize and address biodiversity loss and links with production and consumption of food; education of consumers; supporting activist groups; strengthening standards; and strict requirements for engaging with business	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Businesses	Legal compliance; companies adopt doughnut economics model; science-based commitments (including to no net loss and restoration activities); companies held to account and able to demonstrate compliance with regulations and standards; transparency of reporting; resources dedicated to implementation of strong commitments including social aspects and meaningful engagement with diverse range of stakeholders; financing independent legal support where needed; internalizing costs of monitoring; sustainable procurement; and diverse business models including social enterprises and cooperatives	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Consultants/Experts	Greater independence and codes of conduct on representation of private interests; peer review; and integrating local and traditional knowledge	2, 3
Governments	Monitoring; review current incentive programs; enforcement of regulations; support to low-income groups for sustainable healthy diets; stronger controls of advertising encouraging unsustainable product purchases; taxation/levies; supporting alternative development pathways: GDP alternatives (incorporation of quality of life/well-being/ just sustainability); anticorruption measures; delivering awareness campaigns to citizens and businesses; develop and democratize natural capital accounting systems that incorporate noneconomic values; regulate companies to reduce and report on food loss and waste reduction; and require, develop and support standards for sustainable production and consumption	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Standards bodies	Strengthen compliance and assurance mechanisms of standards; introducing stronger biodiversity aspects in standards; strengthen transparency measures; shift from single commodity certification to valuing diverse landscape use and agroecology; and valuing diverse perspective and knowledges	3, 4, 8
Research communities	Exchanging multidisciplinary knowledge with policy communities; valuing diverse perspective and knowledges; supporting social and technological innovation; and attention to justice and equity concerns, capacity building, methodologies for accountability including in no net loss and restoration activities	2, 5, 6, 8
Funding agencies	Consistently including biodiversity concerns in financing decisions; use of mitigation hierarchy (for limiting as far as possible the negative impacts on biodiversity from development projects) including clear “no development” option if biodiversity loss too great; considerations of funding habitat restoration; and microcredit schemes for biodiversity	7, 8
Private investors	Engagement with biodiversity issues and sustainable production and consumption; incorporating strong environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria into screening processes; divestment from most harmful industries; promotion of or engagement in development and inclusion of biodiversity driven standards along the supply chain, Life Cycle Assessment; and invest in income-sensitive, efficient storage technologies	5, 7, 8