Table 2. Vaccine immunogenicity in NHP studies.
| Vaccine name (citation) | Vaccine dose* | Binding antibody titer† | NAb titer‡ | T cell response§ |
| Sinovac PiCoVacc (1) | 6 μg × 3 | GM EP, ~12,800 | RV GM ID50, ~50 | ND║ |
| Sinopharm/BIPP BBIBP-CorV (2) |
8 μg × 2 | ND | RV GM ID50, ~230 | ND |
|
AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (3) |
2.5 × 1010 VP × 2 | Median EP, ~28,000¶ | RV median ID50, ~280¶ | ND |
| Janssen Ad26.COV 2S.PP (4) | 1 × 1011 VP × 1 | Median EP, ~4000 | PV median ID50, 408; RV median ID50, 113 |
Median, ~80 (day 28) |
| Janssen Ad26.COV 2S.PP (5) | 5 × 1010 VP × 2 | GM EU, ~7500 | PV GM ID50, ~3000 | GM, ~200 (day 70) |
| DNA, full-length S protein (6) | 5 mg × 2 | Median EP, ~140 | PV median ID50, ~200; RV median ID50, ~40 |
Median, ~80 (day 35) |
| INOVIO INO-4800 (7) | 1 mg × 2 | GM EP, ~130,000 | PV GM ID50, ~1000 | AM, ~140 (day 42); AM, ~30 (day 84) |
| Moderna mRNA-1273 (8) | 100 μg × 2 | Log AUC, 4–5 | PV GM ID50, 1862; RV GM ID50, 3481 |
ND |
| Novavax NVX-CoV2373 (9) | 5 μg × 2 | GM ED50, 174,000 | RV GM ID>99, 17,000 | ND |
| Novavax NVX-CoV2373 (10) | 25 μg × 2 | GM ED50, 469,739 | RV GM CPE100, 23,040 | ND |
| Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 (11) | 100 μg × 2 | GM EU, 34,668 | RV GM ID50 1689 | GM, ~750 (days 28 and 42) |
|
Clover Biopharmaceuticals S trimer (12) |
30 μg × 2 | GM EP, 17,497 | PV GM ID50, ~5227; RV GM CPE50, ~20,234 |
ND |
| Sanofi Pasteur MRT5500 (13) | 135 μg × 2 | GM EP, ~200,000 | PV GM ID50, ~2871; RV GM ID50, ~1877 |
GM, 30 to 40 (day 42) |
*Only results for the optimal dose, i.e., the strongest responses without unacceptable side effects, are recorded. When the number of immunizations differed between groups, the one inducing the strongest response was chosen. VP, virus particle.
†Antibody binding was measured in S protein immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 2 weeks after the last immunization, and the values are listed as median effective dilution (ED50), end point (EP), or ELISA units derived from comparison with a standard curve (EU); GM, geometric mean; AUC, area under the curve.
‡Neutralization was quantified in pseudo-virus (PV) or replicating virus (RV) assays, as indicated. The potency was measured as median inhibitory dilution (ID50) or ID>99 values [CPE100 in (10) is the approximate equivalent of ID>99 in (9)].
§T cell responses were measured in enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISpot) interferon-γ (IFN-γ) assay as spot forming cells (SFC) per 106 cells after stimulation with different SARS-CoV-2 S-derived peptides. The days between immunization (day 0) and sampling are also listed (in parentheses). AM, arithmetic mean.
║ND, not done (no data were presented in the paper).
¶Data are for the two-dose (prime boost) group.