Fig. 3. Mean MTU moment arms (normalized by femur length) for hip flexion (red, positive values) and extension (blue, negative values) for the 20 muscles (Fig. 2, C to E, and Table 1) acting around the hip in all taxa, plotted across the ancestral nodes in Fig. 1.

Dashed horizontal line represents the average moment arm across all nodes; colored gold if moment arm switches sign. Stars indicate peak moment arm (in either negative or positive orientation; both if sign switches); open circle indicates minimal value (closest to zero) for muscles that do not switch sign. Note that Dromaeosauridae is not on the main line Archosauria-to-Aves/Phasianidae but is a side lineage uniting two deinonychosaurs (Fig. 1); kept for completeness.