a, sRNAs were detected by means of sRNA RT-PCR in EVs isolated from wild-type, ago1–27, rh11rh37 and ann1ann2 mutant plants. The “total” lane indicates total RNAs from leaves. The “EVs” lane indicates total RNAs from isolated EV fractions. TET8 was detected by western blot using anti-TET8 antibodies. Similar results were observed in three biological repeats. b, c, The rh11rh37 (b) and ann1ann2 (c) mutant plants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to B. cinerea in comparison to the wild-type. Relative lesion sizes were measured 2 days after infection. The data are presented as mean ± s.d., n = 10 biological replicates. d, Fungal target genes of transferred sRNAs were de-repressed in B. cinerea collected from the rh11rh37 and ann1ann2 mutants. The data are presented as mean ± s.d., n = 3 biological replicates. The statistical analysis in Fig. 6b and d was performed using ANOVA Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. The statistical analysis in Fig. 6c was performed using unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test. The small open circles represent the individual values. The error bars indicate the standard deviation (s.d.). The asterisks indicate significant differences: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.