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. 2021 Mar 19;6:14. doi: 10.1038/s41536-021-00122-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — MSCs promote cartilage regeneration by diverse mechanisms. MSCs are able to proliferate and differentiate into chondrocytes to replace damaged cells. In addition, MSCs can also secrete cytokines to maintain chondrocyte phenotypes, promote their proliferation and ECM composition. More importantly, MSCs can exert immunomodulatory effects on diverse immune cells upon exposure to injured tissue or inflammatory factors.