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. 2021 Mar 19;11:6428. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85760-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Circulatory levels of M1 macrophage activation markers in the steady state of obese type 2 diabetes (OT2D). Plasma LBP (A), TLR4 (B), CD80 (C) and CD38 (D) levels in control subjects (black circles) and obese subjects with T2D (blue circles). Basal level of plasma LBP was higher (85,311 ± 1453 vs 91,747 ± 3048 RFU of LBP, OT2D vs control, p < 0.05) but TLR4 was unchanged in OT2D (235 ± 11 vs 254 ± 13 RFU of TLR4, OT2D vs control, p = ns). Basal levels of plasma M1 macrophage surface markers CD38 and CD80 were also higher in OT2D (714 ± 24 vs 626 ± 21 RFU of CD80, OT2D vs control, p < 0.01; 441 ± 15 vs 408 ± 7 RFU of CD38, OT2D vs control, p < 0.05). Acute normalization of glycemia had no effect on levels of LBP, CD80 or CD38 in T2D subjects (A-D). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01.