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. 2021 Mar 19;11:6428. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85760-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Circulatory levels of activated M2 macrophage markers in the steady state of obese type 2 diabetes (OT2D). Plasma TGF-β1 (A), CD163 (B), MMP7 (C) and MMP9 (D) levels in control subjects (black circles) and obese subjects with T2D (blue circles). Basal levels of plasma TGF-β1, CD163, MMP7 and MMP9 were higher in OT2D compared to control (1123 ± 72 vs 933 ± 27 RFU of TGF-β1, OT2D vs control, p < 0.01; 2748 ± 256 vs 2297 ± 124 RFU of CD163, OT2D vs control, p < 0.05). Two matrix metalloproteinases MMP7 and MMP9 were also increased in OT2D (1242 ± 93 vs 1005 ± 42 RFU of MMP7, OT2D vs control, p < 0.05 and 30,193 ± 3746 vs 19,532 ± 1562 RFU of MMP9, OT2D vs control, p < 0.01). Acute normalization of glycemia had no effect on levels of LBP, CD80 or CD38 in T2D subjects (A-D). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01.