Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients.
| Patient | Communication | Self injury/aggression | Comorbidity | Medication | ID grade | Mode of transportation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F59 |
Laughs, screams for hours, bites hand |
Self injury |
CP, epilepsy Diabetes type 1 Scoliosis |
Insulin Carbamazepine Ramipril |
S | Wheelchair |
| F31 | Smiles, facial expression of fear, reaches for objects | None |
Rett syndrome Epilepsy Osteoporosis Scoliosis |
Carbamazepine Levetiracetam Valproate |
S | Wheelchair |
| F18 | Screams, bites | Both |
Autism Epilepsy Scoliosis |
Carbamazepine Clonazepam Aripiprazole Omeprazole |
S | Fully ambulant |
| M54 | Speaks a few short phrases | Aggressive behavior |
Diabetes type 1 Polyneuropathy |
Insulin Gabapentin |
S | Fully ambulant |
| F58 | Some signs with her hands. Murmuring | Self injury |
Epilepsy Hip dysplasia |
Phenobarbital | S | Wheelchair |
| M62 | Facial expression, sounds | None |
Scoliosis Hip fracture |
– | S | Ambulant + wheelchair |
| F 36 | Smiles, moaning, screams, grimacing | None |
CP/quadriplegia Tuberous sclerosis Hiatal hernia |
Valproate Acetylcysteine Methenamine |
S | Wheelchair |
| M48 | Hand or head movements | Self injury |
CP Spasticity Epilepsy |
Lacosamide Levetiracetam Topiramate Phenobarbital |
P | Wheelchair |
| M 37 | A few words, body language | Self injury |
Epilepsy Hypertension Spina bifida |
Candesartan Amlodipine Lamotrigine Levetiracetam |
S | Wheelchair |
| F56 | Facial expression, laughter, shouting | None |
CP Scoliosis |
Baclofen Pantoprazole |
Mo | Wheelchair |
| M27 |
Smiles, body movements Some signs |
Both |
Epilepsy Autism |
Valproate Levetiracetam Clobazam Rufinamide |
P | Fully ambulant |
| F22 | Eye movement, vague facial expressions, howling | None |
Rett syndrome Epilepsy Scoliosis |
Lamotrigin Valproate |
S | Wheelchair |
| F14 | Facial expressions, some body movements | Both |
CP, Epilepsy Impaired vision Insomnia |
Zonizamid Clobazam Lamotrigin Valproate |
S | Wheelchair |
| M18 | Some facial expression, repetitive sounds, movement of head and arms | None |
Hurler syndrome Epilepsy Paraplegia |
Valproate Melatonin |
S | Wheelchair |
Sex and age (first column), modes of expession, presence of aggressive or self-injurious behavior, comorbidities, medication, degree of intellectual disability, and mode of transportation in 14 non-communicating persons with ID. Abbreviations: CP: cerebral palsy, F: female, ID: intellectual disability, M: male, Mo: moderate ID (IQ 35–49), S: severe ID (IQ 20–34). P: profound ID (IQ < 20).