Fig. 5. The theoretical maximal PCE and the photovoltaic performance of MS5 + XY1b-based DSC under indoor lighting.

a Band gap dependent simulations of the theoretical power conversion efficiency (PCE) limitations (Shockley–Queisser limit) for different intensities of the model Osram 930 Warm White fluorescent tube light. b Current density–voltage curves and power output of the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) with a photoactive area of 2.80 cm² under different ambient light intensities. c Summary of the best indoor PCEs of various types of solar cells with the photoactive area of at least 1 cm², including amorphous silicon (a-Si), GaAs, organic polymers (OPV), metal halide perovskite (PSC), and DSC. d Summarized the ideality factors of representative publications on DSCs under ambient light.