Table 2. Multivariable Multinomial Logistic Regression Model for the Clinical Severity Outcome.
| Risk factor | COVID-19 clinical course outcome levela | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospitalization only, OR (95% CI) | P value | ICU and/or required ventilator support, OR (95% CI) | P value | Death, OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (every 10-y increase) | 1.32 (1.12-1.56) | <.001 | 1.29 (0.99-1.67) | .06 | 1.77 (1.20-2.59) | .004 |
| Sex (male vs female) | 1.41 (0.98-2.03) | .06 | 1.00 (0.54-1.83) | .99 | 3.12 (1.46-6.65) | .003 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] | NAb | 1 [Reference] | NAb | 1 [Reference] | NAb |
| Black | 1.47 (0.98-2.22) | .03 | 2.28 (1.22-4.23) | .08 | 1.60 (0.65-3.93) | .60 |
| Hispanic or Latinx | 0.77 (0.41-1.44) | .34 | 1.76 (0.76-4.09) | .50 | 0.57 (0.10-3.18) | .23 |
| Otherc/unknown | 0.82 (0.33-2.08) | .61 | 0.94 (0.20-4.36) | .50 | 2.95 (0.45-19.5) | .25 |
| Ambulation | ||||||
| Fully ambulatory | 1 [Reference] | NAb | 1 [Reference] | NAb | 1 [Reference] | NAb |
| Walk with assistance | 2.18 (1.42-3.34) | .23 | 2.35 (1.22-4.54) | .48 | 3.14 (0.99-9.95) | .32 |
| Nonambulatory | 2.82 (1.64-4.85) | .01 | 3.53 (1.59-7.81) | .02 | 25.4 (9.34-69.1) | <.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 1 [Reference] | NAb | 1 [Reference] | NAb | 1 [Reference] | NAb |
| Current | 1.09 (0.52-2.29) | .99 | NAb | .95 | 2.88 (0.67-12.4) | .24 |
| Past | 1.08 (0.73-1.60) | .95 | 1.10 (0.61-1.99) | .95 | 1.32 (0.59-2.94) | .76 |
| Unknown | 1.22 (0.58-2.57) | .71 | 1.46 (0.48-4.45) | .94 | 1.23 (0.26-5.94) | .77 |
| Cardiovascular disease (yes vs no) | 1.91 (1.02-3.59) | .04 | 1.46 (0.54-3.98) | .46 | 3.15 (1.18-8.45) | .02 |
| Chronic lung disease (yes vs no) | 1.29 (0.71-2.36) | .41 | 2.12 (0.97-4.67) | .06 | 1.10 (0.30-4.05) | .89 |
| Diabetes (yes vs no) | 2.46 (1.50-4.04) | <.001 | 1.85 (0.87-3.95) | .11 | 1.07 (0.39-2.93) | .90 |
| Hypertension (yes vs no) | 1.11 (0.73-1.69) | .63 | 1.08 (0.58-2.04) | .80 | 3.14 (1.38-7.15) | .006 |
| Morbid obesity (yes vs no) | 1.69 (1.03-2.75) | .04 | 2.87 (1.48-5.54) | .002 | 2.49 (0.92-6.75) | .07 |
| Disease-modifying therapy | ||||||
| None | 1 [Reference] | NAb | 1 [Reference] | NAb | 1 [Reference] | NAb |
| Fumarates | 0.99 (0.52-1.88) | .90 | 0.26 (0.08-0.82) | .98 | 0.40 (0.09-1.70) | .30 |
| S1PR | 0.65 (0.26-1.61) | .23 | 0.77 (0.28-2.14) | .94 | 0.86 (0.15-4.93) | .89 |
| Glatiramer acetate | 1.15 (0.51-2.61) | .73 | NAb | .96 | 0.86 (0.16-4.56) | .89 |
| Interferons | 0.35 (0.08-1.57) | .11 | 0.29 (0.04-2.32) | .98 | 0.56 (0.06-5.49) | .75 |
| Natalizumab | 0.67 (0.31-1.45) | .18 | 0.09 (0.01-0.73) | .98 | 0.80 (0.19-3.44) | .96 |
| Ocrelizumab | 1.63 (0.98-2.72) | .009 | 0.91 (0.46-1.80) | .94 | 0.47 (0.17-1.30) | .25 |
| Other | 1.21 (0.45-3.24) | .70 | 0.50 (0.10-2.38) | .96 | 0.91 (0.18-4.73) | .83 |
| Rituximab | 4.56 (2.10-9.90) | <.001 | 1.92 (0.61-6.07) | .91 | 2.81 (0.45-17.70) | .11 |
| Teriflunomide | 0.83 (0.34-2.02) | .58 | 0.30 (0.06-1.37) | .98 | 0.48 (0.08-3.04) | .57 |
| Glucocorticoid use in past 2 mo | ||||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | NAb | 1 [Reference] | NAb | 1 [Reference] | NAb |
| Unknown | 0.94 (0.46-1.92) | .16 | 0.44 (0.10-1.94) | .19 | 2.13 (0.68-6.72) | .95 |
| Yes | 2.62 (1.33-5.17) | .009 | 1.57 (0.49-4.97) | .21 | 4.17 (1.13-15.4) | .13 |
Abbreviations: ICU, intensive care unit; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; S1PR, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor.
a
Reference level is not hospitalized.
b
Insufficient sample size to estimate OR.
c
Other races include Asian; American Indian, Alaska Native, or Indigenous Canadian; and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.