Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients stratified by age
| Characteristics | Total (N = 20,172) | < 65 (N = 9977) |
65–74 (N = 5875) |
≥ 75 (N = 4320) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 7707 (38.2) | 2866 (28.7) | 2740 (46.6) | 2101 (48.6) | < 0.01 |
| High school or above, n (%) | 6137 (34.1) | 3266 (36.4) | 1643 (31.2) | 1228 (33.0) | < 0.01 |
| Health insurance, n (%) | |||||
| No insurance reimbursement | 917 (4.7) | 550 (5.8) | 256 (4.5) | 111 (2.6) | < 0.01 |
| Partial insurance reimbursement | 16,670 (85.6) | 8505 (89.1) | 4875 (85.9) | 3290 (77.3) | < 0.01 |
| Full insurance reimbursement | 1886 (9.7) | 487 (5.1) | 546 (9.6) | 853 (20.1) | < 0.01 |
| BMI, n (%) | |||||
| Normal (< 24 kg/m2) | 6310 (33.2) | 2646 (27.7) | 1918 (34.5) | 1746 (44.7) | < 0.01 |
| Overweight (24–28 kg/m2) | 8668 (45.6) | 4559 (47.7) | 2509 (45.1) | 1600 (41.0) | < 0.01 |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) | 4036 (21.2) | 2344 (24.6) | 1131 (20.4) | 561 (14.4) | < 0.01 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 3170 (15.7) | 2317 (23.2) | 601 (10.2) | 252 (5.8) | < 0.01 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 3881 (19.2) | 2819 (28.3) | 734 (12.5) | 328 (7.6) | < 0.01 |
| AF type, n (%) | |||||
| Newly diagnosed | 1205 (6.0) | 473 (4.8) | 332 (5.7) | 400 (9.3) | < 0.01 |
| Paroxysmal AF | 11,692 (58.1) | 6038 (60.7) | 3465 (59.1) | 2189 (50.8) | < 0.01 |
| Persistent AF | 7229 (35.9) | 3434 (34.5) | 2071 (35.3) | 1724 (40.0) | < 0.01 |
| AF duration ≥ one year, n (%) | 12,236 (60.7) | 6015 (60.3) | 3626 (61.7) | 2595 (60.1) | 0.14 |
| EHRA score, n (%) | |||||
| I | 1655 (9.3) | 796 (8.9) | 478 (9.2) | 381 (10.0) | < 0.01 |
| II | 11,520 (64.4) | 5952 (66.9) | 3265 (63.2) | 2303 (60.4) | < 0.01 |
| III | 4705 (26.3) | 2154 (24.2) | 1423 (27.6) | 1128 (29.6) | < 0.01 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 13,393 (66.4) | 5587 (56.0) | 4365 (74.3) | 3441 (79.7) | < 0.01 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | |||||
| NYHA I | 3946 (53.8) | 1945 (67.4) | 1208 (53.9) | 793 (36.0) | < 0.01 |
| NYHA II | 2431 (33.2) | 735 (25.5) | 767 (34.2) | 929 (42.1) | < 0.01 |
| NYHA III | 957 (13.1) | 206 (7.1) | 267 (11.9) | 484 (21.9) | < 0.01 |
| Established CAD, n (%) | 3020 (15.0) | 937 (9.4) | 1050 (17.9) | 1033 (24.0) | < 0.01 |
| Cardiomyopathy, n (%) | 365 (1.8) | 233 (2.3) | 88 (1.5) | 44 (1.0) | < 0.01 |
| Ischemic stroke/TIA, n (%) | 2884 (14.3) | 914 (9.2) | 982 (16.7) | 988 (22.9) | < 0.01 |
| Haemorrhagic stroke, n (%) | 225 (1.1) | 91 (0.9) | 60 (1.0) | 74 (1.7) | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 4702 (23.3) | 1909 (19.1) | 1539 (26.2) | 1254 (29.0) | < 0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 9785 (48.5) | 5110 (51.2) | 2816 (47.9) | 1859 (43.0) | < 0.01 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 169 (0.8) | 35 (0.4) | 54 (0.9) | 80 (1.9) | < 0.01 |
| Gastrointestinal disorder, n (%) | 633 (3.1) | 299 (3.0) | 189 (3.2) | 145 (3.4) | 0.48 |
| Hyperthyroidism/Hypothyroidism, n (%) | 994 (4.9) | 448 (4.5) | 323 (5.5) | 223 (5.2) | 0.01 |
| Renal dysfunction, n (%) | 566 (3.5) | 85 (1.1) | 137 (3.0) | 344 (10.2) | < 0.01 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 2, n (%) | 13,424 (75.4) | 3790 (49.8) | 5314 (90.5) | 4320 (100.0) | < 0.01 |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs, n (%) | 7330 (36.3) | 4454 (44.6) | 1969 (33.5) | 907 (21.0) | < 0.01 |
| Ventricular rate control, n (%) | 9575 (47.5) | 4096 (41.1) | 2951 (50.2) | 2528 (58.5) | < 0.01 |
| Warfarin, n (%) | 9449 (46.8) | 4762 (47.7) | 2941 (50.1) | 1746 (40.4) | < 0.01 |
| DOACs, n (%) | 3268 (16.2) | 1975 (19.8) | 867 (14.8) | 426 (9.9) | < 0.01 |
| Aspirin/ Clopidogrel, n (%) | 4894 (24.3) | 1879 (18.8) | 1478 (25.2) | 1537 (35.6) | < 0.01 |
| ACEIs/ARBs, n (%) | 6828 (33.9) | 2690 (27.0) | 2265 (38.6) | 1873 (43.4) | < 0.01 |
| Statin, n (%) | 7461 (37.0) | 2987 (29.9) | 2522 (42.9) | 1952 (45.2) | < 0.01 |
| History of RFCA, n (%) | 8801 (43.6) | 5595 (56.1) | 2355 (40.1) | 851 (19.7) | < 0.01 |
| Echocardiogram parameters | |||||
| LAD, mm, (SD) | 40.4 ± 6.5 | 39.8 ± 6.3 | 40.5 ± 6.4 | 41.7 ± 7.0 | < 0.01 |
| IVS, mm, (SD) | 9.8 ± 1.7 | 9.7 ± 1.8 | 9.8 ± 1.7 | 9.9 ± 1.8 | < 0.01 |
| LVEDD, mm, (SD) | 48.3 ± 5.6 | 48.8 ± 5.5 | 47.8 ± 5.5 | 47.8 ± 5.9 | < 0.01 |
| LVEF, %, (SD) | 62.9 ± 8.3 | 62.7 ± 8.2 | 63.5 ± 8.2 | 62.6 ± 8.9 | < 0.01 |
BMI, body mass index; AF, atrial fibrillation; CAD, coronary artery disease; TIA, transient ischemic attack; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulants; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; RFCA, radiofrequency catheter ablation; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; IVS, interventricular septum; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension. eGFR (ml/min·1.73m2) = 186 × Scr-1.154 × ge-0.203 .742 (if female) 1.233 (if Chinese). Renal dysfunction was defined as eGFR < 60 ml/min·1.73m2. According to the proportion of medical insurance company payment, health insurance was divided into three levels: full, partial, and no insurance reimbursement