Table 2.
Healthcare utilization and cost of healthcare in United States patients with and without ≥ 1 respiratory depression episode. Outliers were identified using Cook’s Distance, resulting in exclusion of 10 patients with ≥1 respiratory depression episode and 13 patients without a respiratory depression episode from the cohort of 769 United States patients with healthcare utilization data. Within the sub-cohort of 420 patients with cost data, 5 patients with ≥1 respiratory depression episode and 6 patients without a respiratory depression episode were identified as outliers and excluded
| Healthcare Utilization | All Patients (N = 768)a | Patient Cohort Excluding Outliers (N = 745) | ||||
| Patients with ≥ 1 Respiratory Depression Episode | Patients without Respiratory Depression Episode | p-value | Patients with ≥ 1 Respiratory Depression Episode | Patients without Respiratory Depression Episode | p-value | |
|
Length of Stay, All Patients (Average ± SD (N)) |
7.1 ± 9.6 (287) |
5.7 ± 6.5 (481) |
.032 |
6.4 ± 7.8 (277) |
5.0 ± 4.3 (468) |
.009 |
| Length of Stay, PRODIGY Risk Score (Average ± SD (N)) | ||||||
| Low |
6.8 ± 9.4 (53) |
5.2 ± 6.4 (206) |
.266 |
5.6 ± 3.8 (52) |
4.6 ± 4.0 (201) |
.126 |
| Intermediate |
6.8 ± 10.7 (92) |
6 ± 6.1 (178) |
.497 |
6.5 ± 10.6 (90) |
5.5 ± 4.8 (173) |
.365 |
| High |
7.5 ± 9.1 (137) |
6.4 ± 7.8 (92) |
.322 |
6.7 ± 6.8 (130) |
5.3 ± 3.8 (89) |
.053 |
| 7-day readmission (N,%) | 7, 2.4% | 11, 2.3% | 1.000 | 7, 2.5% | 11, 2.4% | .879 |
| 15-day readmission (N,%) | 12, 4.2% | 13, 2.7% | .297 | 12, 4.3% | 13, 2.8% | .255 |
| 30-day readmission (N,%) | 16, 5.6% | 17, 3.5% | .200 | 16, 5.8% | 17, 3.6% | .169 |
| Healthcare Costs | All Patients (N = 420) | Patient Cohort Excluding Outliers (N = 409) | ||||
| Total Cost (USD), All Patients (Average ± SD (N)) |
$23,619 ± $16,868 (148) |
$19,193 ± $13,517 (272) |
.006 |
$21,892 ± $11,540 (143) |
$18,206 ± $10,864 (266) |
.002 |
| Total Cost (USD), PRODIGY Risk Score (Average ± SD (N)) | ||||||
| Low |
$22,316 ± $13,679 (27) |
$18,633 ± $14,050 (111) |
.222 |
$22,316 ± $13,679 (27) |
$17,705 ± $11,818 (109) |
.081 |
| Intermediate |
$22,272 ± $14,661 (42) |
$20,331 ± $14,594 (107) |
.447 |
$21,665 ± $14,300 (41) |
$18,858 ± $10,423 (104) |
.258 |
| High |
$25,057 ± $19,490 (74) |
$18,608 ± $9714 (50) |
.017 |
$21,948 ± $9128 (70) |
$18,474 ± $9767 (49) |
.0495 |
| Propensity Weighted Cost Analysis | All Patients (N = 420) | Patient Cohort Excluding Outliers (N = 409) | ||||
| Overall Cost (Average ± SD) | $23,294 ± $15,088 | $20,057 ± $13,555 | .013 | $22,171 ± $12,727 | $18,971 ± $10,725 | .007 |
|
Exponentiated Estimates from Generalized Linear Model (95% CI) |
1.16 (1.03–1.31) |
1.17 (1.04–1.31) |
||||
Abbreviations: 95% CI 95% confidence interval, N number of patients, PRODIGY PRediction of Opioid-induced respiratory Depression In patients monitored by capnoGraphY, SD standard deviation, USD United States Dollars
aWithin the United States cohort (N = 769), 1 patient was excluded from length of stay analysis due to missing data