Table 1.

List of known carcinogens and their host phase II metabolic conversions.

		Host phase II metabolic conversions
Carcinogen	Source	Acetylation	Glucuronidation	Methylation	Sulfation	Glutathione conjugation	References
1,3-Butadiene	1,3-Butadiene is a chemical made from the processing of petroleum. About 75% of the manufactured 1,3-butadiene is used to make synthetic rubber for tires on cars and trucks.					✓	33
1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate (Busulfan)	Chemotherapeutic					✓	34
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); “dioxin”	Meat and dairy products		✓		✓		35
2-Naphthylamine	Cigarette smoke	✓	✓		✓		26
Aflatoxins	Produced by certain molds which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains					✓	36
Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin	Pain-relieving and fever-reducing drug	✓	✓	✓	✓		37
Azathioprine	Immunosuppressant drug			✓			38
Benzene	Used to make plastics, resins, synthetic fibers, rubber lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs and pesticides	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	39
Chlorambucil	Chemotherapeutic	✓					40
Cyclophosphamide	Chemotherapeutic	✓					41
Estrogen-progestogen (combined)	Menopausal therapy or contraceptives		✓	✓	✓		42
Ethanol	Alcoholic beverages		✓				43
Formaldehyde	Particleboard, plywood, and fiberboard; glues and adhesives; permanent-press fabrics; paper product coatings; and certain insulation materials					✓	44
PhIP	Dietary grilled meat	✓	✓		✓		45
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)	PCBs were once widely deployed as dielectric and coolant fluids in electrical apparatus, carbonless copy paper and in heat transfer fluids		✓	✓	✓		46
Tamoxifen	Chemotherapeutic		✓	✓	✓		47
Thiotepa	Chemotherapeutic	✓				✓	48
Trichloroethylene	Stains and varnishes, adhesives, typewriter correction fluids, paint removers, and cleaners. Contaminated air and water are the most important sources of exposure to trichloroethylene.	✓	✓	✓			49