Table 2.

Entrustable professional activity (EPA) frameworks in undergraduate medical education (UME)

Framework organization	AAMCa [14]	AFMCb [15]	PROFILESc [16]
Country	USA	Canada	Switzerland
Year of publication	2014	2016	2017
Number of UME EPAs	13	12	9
Corresponding EPAs (based on content)	EPA 1: Gather a history and perform a physical examination	EPA 1: Obtain a history and perform a physical examination adapted to the patient’s clinical situation	EPA 1: Take a medical history
	see AAMC EPA 1	see AFMC EPA 1	EPA 2: Assess the physical and mental status of the patient
	EPA 2: Prioritize a differential diagnosis following a clinical encounter	EPA 2: Formulate and justify a prioritized differential diagnosis	EPA 3: Prioritize a differential diagnosis following a clinical encounter
	EPA 3: Recommend and interpret common diagnostic and screening tests	EPA 3: Formulate an initial plan of investigation based on the diagnostic hypotheses	EPA 4: Recommend and interpret diagnostic and screening tests in common situations
	see AAMC EPA 3	EPA 4: Interpret and communicate results of common diagnostic and screening tests	see PROFILES EPA 4
	see AAMC EPA 12	see AFMC EPA 11	EPA 5: Perform general procedures
	see AAMC EPA 10	see AFMC EPA 8	EPA 6: Recognize a patient requiring urgent/ emergency care, initiate evaluation and management
	EPA 4: Enter and discuss orders and prescriptions	EPA 5: Formulate, communicate, and implement management plans	EPA 7: Develop a management plan, discuss orders and prescriptions in common situations
	EPA 5: Document a clinical encounter in the patient record	EPA 6: Present oral and written reports that document a clinical encounter	EPA 8: Document and present a patient’s clinical encounter; perform handover
	EPA 6: Provide an oral presentation of a clinical encounter	see AFMC EPA 6	see PROFILES EPA 8
	EPA 7: Form clinical questions and retrieve evidence to advance patient care	no corresponding AFMC EPA	no corresponding PROFILES EPA
	EPA 8: Give or receive a patient handover to transition care responsibility	EPA 7: Provide and receive the handover in transitions of care	see PROFILES EPA 8
	EPA 9: Collaborate as a member of an interprofessional team	no corresponding AFMC EPA	no corresponding PROFILES EPA
	EPA 10: Recognize a patient requiring urgent or emergent care and initiate evaluation and management	EPA 8: Recognize a patient requiring urgent or emergent care, provide initial management and seek help	see PROFILES EPA 6
	no corresponding AAMC EPA	EPA 9: Communicate in difficult situations	no corresponding PROFILES EPA
	see AAMC EPA 13	EPA 10: Participate in health quality improvement initiatives	EPA 9: Contribute to a culture of safety and improvement
	EPA 11: Obtain informed consent for tests and/or procedures	no corresponding AFMC EPA	no corresponding PROFILES EPA
	EPA 12: Perform general procedures of a physician	EPA 11: Perform general procedures of a physician	see PROFILES EPA 5
	no corresponding AAMC EPA	EPA 12: Educate patients in disease management, health promotion and preventive medicine	no corresponding PROFILES EPA
	EPA 13: Identify system failures and contribute to a culture of safety and improvement	see AFMC EPA 10	see PROFILES EPA 9

^aAAMC Association of American Medical Colleges

^bAFMC The Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada

^cPROFILES Principal Relevant Objectives and Framework for Integrative Learning and Education in Switzerland for the training of medical students