Table 1.
Summary of the identified ethnomedicinal herbs
| S/N | Herb | Constituent | Pharmacological activity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Abrus precatorius Linn. | Abrine, Abrectorin, Abrusoside A, Abraline | Anti-convulsant, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral | [15, 19–22] |
| 2. | Achyranthes aspera Linn. | Ecdysterone, Eugenol, Betaine, Triacontanol | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | [29, 33, 34] |
| 3. | Allium sativum Linn. | Ajoene, Allicin, Diallyl disulfide, Vinyldithiins | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-viral, anti-cancer | [39, 40, 42, 43] |
| 4. | Annona muricata Linn. | Annocatalin, Annomuricin A, Annocatacin, Muricatocin | Anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral | [51, 52, 54] |
| 5. | Artemisia afra Jacq. | Acacetin, Scopoletin, Yomogiartemin | Anti-asthmatic, anti-malarial | [58–60] |
| 6. | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. | Azadirachtin, Nimbin, Nimbolide, Nimbidin | Anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral | [68, 71–73] |
| 7. | Cryptolepis sanguinolenta Lindl. | Cryptolepicarboline, Cryptolepine, Cryptospirolepine | Anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer anti-viral, anti-hyperglycemic | [81, 84, 85] |
| 8. | Curcuma longa Linn. | Curcumin, Quercetin, Curcuminoids | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-coagulant, anti-microbial, anti-viral | [89, 90, 92, 93] |
| 9. | Euphorbia hirta Linn. | Rutin, Euphorbin E, Kaempferol, Afzelin | Anti-malarial, anthelmintic, anti-asthmatic, anti-spasmodic, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral | [99–101] |
| 10. | Garcinia kola Heckel | Kolanone, Kolaflavanone, Garcinoic acid, Kolaviron | Anti-oxidant, anti-asthma, anti-arthritis, anti-hypertensive, anti-microbial, anti-viral | [105, 106, 109] |
| 11. | Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. | Glycyrrhizin, Licoriphenone, Glycyrrhizic acid | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-viral | [114, 116, 117] |
| 12. | Moringa oleifera Lam. | Apigenin, Luteolin, Phytosterols, Quercetin | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, anti-viral | [124–126, 129, 130] |
| 13. | Nigella sativa Linn. | Thymoquinone, Cymene, Carvacrol, Thymohydroquinone | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, analgesic, anti-viral anti-microbial, anti-parasitic | [137, 139, 140] |
| 14. | Psidium guajava Linn. | Ascorbic acid, Caryophyllene, Gallic acid | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, immune-system stimulatory | [147, 151] |
| 15. | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Zingiberene, Zingerone, Gingerol, Gingerdiol | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-rhinoviral, anti-cancer | [158, 159, 162, 163] |