Table 1.
Synopsis of studies
| Investigator (s) | Timeframe | Nation (s) | Technique(s) | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CO2 emissions and economic growth | ||||
| Teng et al. (2020) | 1985–2018 | 10 OECD economies | PMG-ARDL | CO2 → GDP (+) |
| Rjoub et al. (2021) | 1960–2018 | Turkey | FMOLS, DOLS | CO2 → GDP (+) |
| Zhang et al. (2021) | 1960–2018 | Malaysia | Maki cointegration, wavelet, and gradual shift |
GDP → CO2 (+) GDP → CO2 |
| Odugbesan and Adebayo (2020a) | 1971–2016 | South Africa | ARDL & wavelet coherence | CO2 → GDP (+) |
| Al-Mulali (2011) | 1980–2009 | MENA | Panel Granger causality | CO2 ↔ GDP (+) |
| Odugbesan and Adebayo (2020b) | 1980–2016 | Nigeria | ARDL, NARDL | CO2 → GDP (+) |
| Ayobamiji and Kalmaz (2020) | 1971–2015 | Nigeria | ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS, wavelet coherence | CO2 → GDP (+) |
| Wasti and Zaidi (2020) | 1990–2014 | Kuwait | ARDL | CO2 → GDP (+) |
| Aye and Edoja (2017) | 1971–2013 | 31 emerging nations | Panel techniques | CO2 → GDP (−) |
| Kalmaz and Kirikkaleli (2019) | 1960–2016 | Turkey | ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS, wavelet coherence | CO2 → GDP (+) |
| Kirikkaleli et al. (2020) | 1950–2016. | China | Maki cointegration, wavelet, and gradual shift | CO2 → GDP |
| Bouznit & Pablo-Romero (2016) | 1970–2010 | Algeria | ARDL | CO2 → GDP (+) |
| Aydoğan and Vardar (2020) | 1990–2014 | E-7 | Panel VECM | CO2 → GDP |
| Wu et al. (2018). | 1995–2017 | World | PRISMA | CO2 ↔ GDP |
| Khan et al. (2020) | 1987–2017 | China | GMM | CO2 → GDP (+) |
| Adebayo (2020) | 1971–2016 | Mexico | ARDL & wavelet coherence | CO2 ↔ GDP (+) |
| Jafari et al. (2015) | 1980–2007 | Bahrain | TY causality | CO2 → GDP |
| Li et al. (2021) | 1995–2017 | 20 provinces in China | Panel CSARDL, AMG | CO2 → GDP (+) |
| Salahuddin et al. (2018) | 1980–2017 | South Africa | ARDL | CO2 ≠ GDP |
| Awosusi et al. (2020) | 1980–2018 | MINT economies | ARDL and Panel Granger causality | CO2 ≠ GDP |
| Akinsola and Adebayo (2021) | 1971–2016 | Thailand | ARDL & wavelet coherence, Granger and Toda-Yamamoto causality |
CO2 → GDP (+) CO2 → GDP |
| Ali et al. (2020b) | 1990–2017 | Top 10 emitter countries | Panel CSARDL | CO2 → GDP (+) |
| Gao and Zhang (2021) | 1980–2010 | 13 Asian developing countries | FMOLS and panel Granger causality tests | CO2 → GDP |
| Energy consumption and economic growth | ||||
| Shahbaz et al. (2018) | 1960Q1–2015Q4 | Top 10 energy-consuming countries | Quantile-on-quantile (QQ) approach | EC → GDP (+) |
| Khobai and Le Roux (2017) | 1971–2013 | South Africa | Johansen cointegration and VECM Granger causality tests | EC ↔ GDP |
| Ha and Ngoc (2020) | 1971–2017 | Vietnam | ARDL and Toda-Yamamoto causality | EC ↔ GDP |
| Rahman et al. (2020) | 1981–2016 | China | Hatemi-J and FMOLS | EC → GDP (+) |
| Baz et al. (2019) | 1971–2014 | Pakistan | NARDL | EC → GDP (+) |
| Faisal et al. (2016) | 1990–2011 | Russia | Toda-Yamamoto causality | No causal link |
| Yang and Zhao (2014) | 1970–2008 | India | Granger causality and DAG | EC → GDP |
| Mutascu (2016) | 1970–2012 | G7 economies | Granger causality tests | EC ↔ GDP |
| Muhammad (2019) | 2001–2017 | MENA | MENA | EC → GDP (−) |
| Urbanization and economic growth | ||||
| Nathaniel and Bekun (2020) | 1971–2014 | Nigeria | Bayer and Hanck cointegration tests, ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS, CCR, and VECM Granger causality | URB ↔ GDP (−) |
| Nguyen and Nguyen (2018) | 1971–2014 | ASEAN | D-GMM and PMG | URB → GDP (+) |
| Ali et al. (2020a) | 1971–2014 | Nigeria | Maki cointegration, FMOLS, DOLS, CCR, and VECM Granger causality | URB → GDP (-) |
| Adebayo (2021b) | 1971–2015 | Japan | Wavelet coherence, ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS | URB → GDP (+) |
| Yang et al. (2017) | 2000–2010 | China | Pooled ordinary least squares (POLS), fixed effects (FE), and random effect (RE | URB → GDP (+) |
| Zheng and Walsh (2019) | 2001–2012 | 29 provinces in China | FE and sys-GMM estimated methods | URB → GDP (+) |
| Gross capital formation and economic growth | ||||
| Topcu et al. (2020) | 1980–2018 | 124 countries | PVAR | GCF → GDP (+) |
| Etokakpan et al. (2020) | 1980–2014 | Malaysia | Bayer and Hanck cointegration tests, ARDL and Granger causality | GCF → GDP (+) |
| Zhang et al. (2021) | 1971–2016 | Malaysia | ARDL, wavelet coherence, gradual Shift | GCF → GDP (+) |
| Kong et al. (2020) | 1997–2017 | 39 African countries | AMG and CCEMG |
Urban → GDP(+) Urban ↔ GDP (+) |
| Boamah et al. (2018) | 1990–2017 | 18 Asian nations | POLS | GCF → GDP (+) |
Note: EC, energy consumption; GDP, economic growth; CO2, carbon emission; → (+), positive relationship; → (−), negative relationship; →, one-way causality; ↔, bidirectional causality; urban, urbanization; GCF, gross capital formation