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. 2021 Mar 16;14:869–884. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S298242

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© 2021 Balkrishna et al.

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Coronil inhibits viral S protein induced cytokine response. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental plan. (B–D) Activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 (B), TNF-α (C), and IL-1β (D) in alveolar epithelial A549 cells treated with different SARS-CoV-2 S proteins and dose-dependent effect of Coronil treatment thereof were measured through ELISA. Observations are depicted as levels of secreted cytokines. Data are represented as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. The statistical significance of the differences observed between the means was analyzed through one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test and represented as ^### for p<0.001 when compared to normal cells without Coronil treatment and exposure to S protein and as *, **, and *** for p< 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively, when compared to cells exposed to S protein induction but not treated with Coronil.