Table 1.
Patient characteristics and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction test positivity
| SARS-CoV-2 PCR result |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Negative (n=4329) | Positive (n=544) | P value |
| Demographics | |||
| Maternal age, y | 32.2±5.2 | 30.5±5.8 | <.001 |
| ≥35 | 1486 (34) | 140 (26) | <.001 |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 2048 (47) | 184 (34) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 532 (12) | 87 (16) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 737 (17) | 176 (32) | |
| Asian | 606 (14) | 41 (8) | |
| Multiracial/other | 406 (9) | 56 (10) | |
| Paritya | |||
| 0 | 1867 (45) | 200 (38) | <.001 |
| 1 | 1427 (34) | 157 (30) | |
| 2 | 596 (14) | 86 (16) | |
| ≥3 | 301 (7) | 84 (16) | |
| BMI,b kg/m2 | 30.9±5.9 | 31.4±6.4 | .07 |
| ≥30 | 2034 (50) | 283 (52) | .38 |
| Preferred language | |||
| English | 4051 (94) | 404 (74) | <.001 |
| Non-English | 278 (6) | 140 (26) | |
| Health insurancec | |||
| Public | 1373 (32) | 319 (59) | <.001 |
| Private | 2936 (68) | 222 (41) | |
| Self-pay | 14 (0) | 3 (1) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Chronic hypertension | 101 (2) | 15 (3) | .53 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 38 (1) | 10 (2) | .05 |
| Asthma | 74 (2) | 10 (2) | .80 |
| Borough or county of residence | |||
| Bronx | 72 (2) | 14 (3) | <.001 |
| Brooklyn | 401 (9) | 84 (15) | |
| Manhattan | 305 (7) | 11 (2) | |
| Queens | 1471 (34) | 219 (40) | |
| Staten Island | 215 (5) | 36 (7) | |
| Nassau | 990 (23) | 72 (13) | |
| Suffolk | 662 (15) | 99 (18) | |
| Other | 213 (5) | 9 (2) | |
| Neighborhood characteristicsd | |||
| Median household income, $ | 46,410 (34,708–66,028) | 35,427 (30,215–47,381) | <.001 |
| Unemployment rate, % | 4.7 (3.9–6.2) | 5.2 (4.4–6.7) | <.001 |
| Mean persons per household | 2.9 (2.7–3.2) | 3.1 (2.8–3.5) | <.001 |
| Less than high school, % education | 15 (9–21) | 9 (4–17) | <.001 |
Data are median (interquartile range), number (percentage), and mean±standard deviation.
BMI, body mass index; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ZIP, zone improvement plan.
Prasannan. Social determinants of health and coronavirus disease 2019. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2021.
Parity data missing for 138 PCR negative (3%) and 17 PCR positive patients (3%)
BMI data missing for 271 PCR negative (6%) and 1 PCR positive patients (0.2%)
Health insurance missing for 6 PCR negative (0.1%) and 0 PCR positive patients (0%)
Based on ZIP code tabulation areas; 1 or more neighborhood characteristics missing for 113 PCR negative (3%) and 7 PCR positive patients (1%).