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. 2021 Mar 21;19:100162. doi: 10.1016/j.mran.2021.100162

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© 2021 The Author(s)

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig 1 — The exposure pathway model at the opening ceremony of the Tokyo Olympic Games. Arrows (→) indicate the directions of virus transmission between humans and environmental media. Dashed boxes show exposure pathways: (1) droplet spray, (2) inhalation of inspirable particles, (3) hand contact, and (4) inhalation of respirable particles. Text in italics shows seven preventive measures: (a) physical distancing among the spectators at entrances and exits, (b) decontamination of surfaces in concessions, (c) enhanced stadium air ventilation, (d) partitioning of spectators in the stands, (e) mandatory face masks at concourses, restrooms, and concessions, (f) hand washing with soap in restrooms, and (g) wearing hats or other headwear in the stands.