Fig. 3.
Comparison of infection risks among spectators in different prevention scenarios at a crude probability of a spectator being an infector (P0) of 10−4. Comparison of overall infection risks among no-prevention, seven individual preventions, organizer-oriented preventions, spectator-oriented preventions, and all preventions combined. a Physical distancing of spectators at entrances and exits. bDecontamination of surfaces in concessions. c Enhanced stadium air ventilation. dPartitioning of spectators in the stands. e Mandatory face masks at concourses, restrooms, and concessions. fHand washing with soap in restrooms. g Wearing hats or other headwear in the stands. Four preventions (a–d) are organizer-oriented; three (e–g) are spectator-oriented. Risk reduction values were calculated from the average of the no-prevention scenario and respective prevention(s) scenarios. Box-and-whisker plots represent 2.5, 25, 50, 75, and 97.5 percentiles. Closed circles represent average infection risks. Monte Carlo simulations were performed with 1,000 iterations for each condition.